ENTRY map07024 Drug Pathway NAME HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors DESCRIPTION HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, also known as statins, are a class of cholesterol lowering drugs that target HMG-CoA reductase in the mevalonate pathway. In 1971 Akira Endo and his team working for the Japanese pharmaceutical company Sankyo started a project to search for microbial metabolites that would inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthesis, hoping that certain microorganisms would produce such inhibitors as a weapon against other microbes. After screening 6,000 microbial strains mevastatin was discovered from Penicillium citrinum, but the clinical trial of mevastatin was not completed because of its toxicity. The first successful statin was lovastatin isolated from Aspergillus terreus by Merck, which had repeated Sankyo's approach to microbial screening. Following the first generation statins that are based on natural products, the second and the third generation statins were developed using chemical synthesis. PATHWAY_MAP map07024 HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors COMPOUND C00356 (S)-3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA C13334 Pitavastatin C13963 Mevastatin D00359 Lovastatin (USP/INN) D00434 Simvastatin (JP18/USP/INN) D00887 Atorvastatin calcium anhydorous D00889 Cerivastatin sodium (JAN/USAN) D00892 Fluvastatin sodium (JAN/USP) D00893 Pravastatin sodium (JP18/USP) D01862 Pitavastatin calcium (JAN) D01915 Rosuvastatin calcium (JP18/USP) D02258 Atorvastatin calcium (USP) D07474 Atorvastatin (INN) D07661 Cerivastatin (INN) D07983 Fluvastatin (INN) D08410 Pravastatin (INN) D08492 Rosuvastatin (INN) REFERENCE AUTHORS Sano T, Naito T, Kubo T (eds). TITLE [Medicinal Chemistry, an Introduction (7th ed)] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Nankodo (2002) REFERENCE AUTHORS Fukai S. TITLE [New Drugs Today (6th ed)] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Jiho (1995) REFERENCE AUTHORS Walter S. TITLE Drug Discovery: A History JOURNAL Wiley (2005) REFERENCE AUTHORS Japan Pharmaceutical Association (ed). TITLE [Face of Medecine: Structure Activity Relationship] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Yakuji Nippo (1999) REFERENCE AUTHORS Noguchi S, Hibino S (eds). TITLE [Medicinal Chemistry: Bridge Between Biology (3rd ed)] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Hirokawa (2002) REFERENCE AUTHORS Teramoto T (ed). TITLE [Statins Q & A] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Iyaku journal (2001) REFERENCE AUTHORS Takamisawa I, Shiba M. TITLE [Structure, activity and metabolism of statins.] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Chiryogaku 36(5):35-40 (2002) REFERENCE PMID:9892578 AUTHORS Furberg CD TITLE Natural statins and stroke risk. JOURNAL Circulation 99:185-8 (1999) DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.99.2.185 REFERENCE PMID:12530513 AUTHORS Veillard NR, Mach F. TITLE Statins: the new aspirin? JOURNAL Cell Mol Life Sci 59:1771-86 (2002) DOI:10.1007/PL00012505 REFERENCE PMID:15531278 AUTHORS Endo A. TITLE The discovery and development of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. 1992. JOURNAL Atheroscler Suppl 5:67-80 (2004) DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2004.08.026 /// ENTRY map07027 Drug Pathway NAME Antidepressants PATHWAY_MAP map07027 Antidepressants COMPOUND D00228 Amoxapine (JP18/USP/INN) D00326 Fluoxetine (USAN/INN) D00394 Trimipramine (USAN/INN) D00505 Phenelzine sulfate (USP) D00563 Mirtazapine (JAN/USP/INN) D00785 Selegiline hydrochloride (JAN/USP) D00809 Amitriptyline hydrochloride (JP18/USP) D00811 Clomipramine hydrochloride (JP18/USP) D00812 Desipramine hydrochloride (JAN/USP) D00815 Imipramine hydrochloride (JP18/USP) D00816 Nortriptyline hydrochloride (JP18/USP/INN) D00818 Maprotiline hydrochloride (JP18/USP) D00819 Nefazodone hydrochloride (USP) D00820 Trazodone hydrochloride (JAN/USP) D00821 Venlafaxine hydrochloride (JAN/USP) D00822 Citalopram hydrobromide (USP) D00823 Fluoxetine hydrochloride (JAN/USP) D00824 Fluvoxamine maleate (JP18/USP) D00825 Sertraline hydrochloride (JAN/USP) D00826 Tranylcypromine sulfate (USP) D01107 Milnacipran hydrochloride (JAN/USAN) D01110 Melitracen hydrochloride (JAN/USAN) D01179 Duloxetine hydrochloride (JAN/USP) D01285 Lofepramine hydrochloride (JAN/USAN) D01358 Mianserin hydrochloride (JAN/USAN) D01546 Dothiepin hydrochloride (USAN) D02034 Setiptiline maleate (JAN) D02260 Paroxetine hydrochloride hemihydrate (USP) D02360 Sertraline (INN) D02362 Paroxetine (USP/INN) D02408 Trimipramine maleate (JAN/USP) D02559 Toloxatone (INN) D02560 Brofaromine (INN) D02561 Moclobemide (USAN/INN) D02562 Rasagiline mesylate (USAN) D02565 Dimetacrine (INN) D02566 Maprotiline (USAN) D02570 Desvenlafaxine succinate (USAN) D02571 Sibutramine hydrochloride (USP) D02572 Viloxazine hydrochloride (USAN) D02573 Reboxetine mesylate (USAN) D02579 Iproniazid (INN) D02580 Isocarboxazid (INN) D03731 Selegiline (USAN/INN) D05374 Paroxetine hydrochloride (USP) D05375 Paroxetine mesylate (USAN) D07448 Amitriptyline (INN) D07704 Citalopram (USP/INN) D07705 Citalopram hydrochloride D07727 Clomipramine (INN) D07791 Desipramine (INN) D07793 Desvenlafaxine (INN) D07872 Dosulepin (INN) D07880 Duloxetine (INN) D07984 Fluvoxamine (INN) D08070 Imipramine (INN) D08085 Iproniazid phosphate D08140 Lofepramine (INN) D08171 Melitracen (INN) D08216 Mianserin (INN) D08222 Milnacipran (INN) D08257 Nefazodone (INN) D08288 Nortriptyline (INN) D08349 Phenelzine (BAN) D08469 Rasagiline (USAN/INN) D08472 Reboxetine (INN) D08511 Setiptiline (INN) D08513 Sibutramine (INN) D08625 Tranylcypromine (INN) D08626 Trazodone (INN) D08670 Venlafaxine (INN) D08673 Viloxazine (INN) REFERENCE AUTHORS Sano T, Naito T, Kubo T (eds). TITLE [Medicinal Chemistry, an Introduction (7th ed)] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Nankodo (2002) REFERENCE AUTHORS Fukai S. TITLE [New Drugs Today (6th ed)] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Jiho (1995) REFERENCE AUTHORS David AW, Thomas LL, William OF. TITLE Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry (5th ed) JOURNAL Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2002) REFERENCE AUTHORS Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Gilman AG (eds). TITLE Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (10th ed) JOURNAL McGraw-Hill (2001) REFERENCE AUTHORS Walter S. TITLE Drug Discovery: A History JOURNAL Wiley (2005) REFERENCE AUTHORS Shishikura K, Kamijima K. TITLE [History and prospects of antidepressants.] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Journal of Japanese Society of Hospital Pharmacists 37(11):25-28 (2001) REFERENCE AUTHORS Kusumi I, Koyama T. TITLE [Pharmacology of novel antidepressants.] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Igaku no Ayumi 195(8):519-522 (2000) REFERENCE AUTHORS Koyama T. TITLE [The history of antidepressant development.] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Iyaku journal 35(2):137-140 (2000) REFERENCE AUTHORS Leonard BE. TITLE Pharmacological properties of some "second generation" antidepressant drugs. JOURNAL Neuropharmacology 19:1175-1183 (1980) DOI:10.1016/0028-3908(80)90198-7 REFERENCE PMID:8471919 AUTHORS Song F, Freemantle N, Sheldon TA, House A, Watson P, Long A, Mason J TITLE Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: meta-analysis of efficacy and acceptability. JOURNAL BMJ 306:683-7 (1993) DOI:10.1136/bmj.306.6879.683 REFERENCE PMID:10511010 AUTHORS Domino EF. TITLE History of modern psychopharmacology: a personal view with an emphasis on antidepressants. JOURNAL Psychosom Med 61:591-8 (1999) DOI:10.1097/00006842-199909000-00002 REFERENCE PMID:11478422 AUTHORS Ban TA. TITLE Pharmacotherapy of depression: a historical analysis. JOURNAL J Neural Transm 108:707-16 (2001) DOI:10.1007/s007020170047 REFERENCE PMID:14748749 AUTHORS Slattery DA, Hudson AL, Nutt DJ. TITLE Invited review: the evolution of antidepressant mechanisms. JOURNAL Fundam Clin Pharmacol 18:1-21 (2004) DOI:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2004.00195.x REFERENCE PMID:15618947 AUTHORS Nutt DJ. TITLE Overview of diagnosis and drug treatments of anxiety disorders. JOURNAL CNS Spectr 10:49-56 (2005) DOI:10.1017/s1092852900009901 /// ENTRY map07026 Drug Pathway NAME Antifungal agents PATHWAY_MAP map07026 Antifungal agents COMPOUND C14531 Azomycin C14816 Sch 59884 C14817 BMS 379224 D00202 Nystatin (JP18/USP/INN) D00203 Amphotericin B (JP18/USP/INN) D00209 Griseofulvin (JAN/USP/INN) D00282 Clotrimazole (JP18/USP/INN) D00322 Fluconazole (JP18/USP/INN) D00323 Flucytosine (JP18/USP/INN) D00350 Itraconazole (JP18/USP) D00351 Ketoconazole (JP18/USP) D00381 Tolnaftate (JP18/USP/INN) D00409 Metronidazole (JP18/USP/INN) D00416 Miconazole (JP18/USP/INN) D00548 Etomidate (USP/INN) D00578 Voriconazole (JP18/USP/INN) D00880 Butoconazole nitrate (USP) D00881 Econazole nitrate (JAN/USP) D00882 Miconazole nitrate (JP18/USP) D00883 Naftifine hydrochloride (USP) D00884 Natamycin (USP/INN) D00885 Oxiconazole nitrate (JAN/USAN) D00886 Sulconazole nitrate (JAN/USP) D00888 Terconazole (USP/INN) D01092 Lanoconazole (JP18/INN) D01093 Butenafine hydrochloride (JP18/USAN) D01429 Fosfluconazole (JAN/INN) D01480 Isoconazole nitrate (JAN) D01550 Liranaftate (JAN/INN) D01620 Neticonazole hydrochloride (JAN) D01720 Amorolfine hydrochloride (JAN) D01775 Bifonazole (JP18/USAN/INN) D01980 Luliconazole (JAN/USAN/INN) D02143 Trichomycin (JP18) D02169 Croconazole hydrochloride (JP18) D02219 Terbinafine hydrochloride (JP18/USP) D02375 Terbinafine (USAN/INN) D02465 Micafungin sodium (JAN/USAN) D02501 Caspofungin acetate (JAN/USAN) D02555 Posaconazole (JAN/USAN/INN) D02556 Ravuconazole (prop.INN) D02557 Chlormidazole (INN) D02923 Amorolfine (USAN/INN) D03211 Anidulafungin (USAN) D03936 Econazole (USAN/INN) D04624 Isoconazole (USAN/INN) D06630 Pramiconazole (USAN/INN) D07596 Butenafine (INN) D07598 Butoconazole (INN) D07626 Caspofungin (INN) D07676 Chlormidazole hydrochloride D07752 Croconazole (INN) D08218 Micafungin (INN) D08245 Naftifine (INN) D08313 Oxiconazole (INN) D08535 Sulconazole (INN) REFERENCE AUTHORS David AW, Thomas LL, William OF. TITLE Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry (5th ed) JOURNAL Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2002) REFERENCE AUTHORS Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Gilman AG (eds). TITLE Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (10th ed) JOURNAL McGraw-Hill (2001) REFERENCE AUTHORS Walter S. TITLE Drug Discovery: A History JOURNAL Wiley (2005) REFERENCE PMID:15047519 AUTHORS Petraitiene R, Petraitis V, Lyman CA, Groll AH, Mickiene D, Peter J, Bacher J, Roussillon K, Hemmings M, Armstrong D, Avila NA, Walsh TJ TITLE Efficacy, safety, and plasma pharmacokinetics of escalating dosages of intravenously administered ravuconazole lysine phosphoester for treatment of experimental pulmonary aspergillosis in persistently neutropenic rabbits. JOURNAL Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:1188-96 (2004) DOI:10.1128/AAC.48.4.1188-1196.2004 REFERENCE PMID:11682237 AUTHORS Kim H, Kumari P, Lin CC, Nomeir AA. TITLE Simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of SCH 59884 (phosphate ester prodrug of SCH 56592), SCH 207962 and SCH 56592 in dog plasma. JOURNAL J Pharm Biomed Anal 27:295-303 (2002) DOI:10.1016/S0731-7085(01)00543-X REFERENCE PMID:3069196 AUTHORS Fromtling RA TITLE Overview of medically important antifungal azole derivatives. JOURNAL Clin Microbiol Rev 1:187-217 (1988) DOI:10.1128/cmr.1.2.187 /// ENTRY map07021 Drug Pathway NAME Aminoglycosides PATHWAY_MAP map07021 Aminoglycosides COMPOUND D00063 Tobramycin (JP18/USP) D00865 Amikacin sulfate (JP18/USP) D00866 Kanamycin sulfate (USP) D00867 Netilmicin sulfate (JAN/USP) D00868 Paromomycin sulfate (JAN/USP) D00869 Spectinomycin hydrochloride (USP) D01063 Gentamicin sulfate (JP18/USP) D01350 Streptomycin sulfate (JP18/USP) D01523 Arbekacin sulfate (JP18) D01618 Neomycin sulfate (USP) D01753 Dibekacin sulfate (JP18) D01821 Micronomicin sulfate (JP18) D01826 Isepamicin sulfate (JP18) D01868 Bekanamycin sulfate (JP18) D01881 Astromicin sulfate (JAN/USAN) D02181 Sisomicin sulfate (JAN/USP) D02209 Ribostamycin sulfate (JP18) D02542 Tobramycin sulfate (USP) D02543 Amikacin (USP/INN) D02544 Sisomicin (USAN/INN) D02545 Isepamicin (USAN/INN) D03262 Kanamycin sulfate (JP18) D05140 Framycetin (INN) D07462 Arbekacin (INN) D07467 Paromomycin (INN) D07470 Astromicin (INN) D07497 Bekanamycin (INN) D07811 Dibekacin (INN) D08219 Micronomicin (DCF) D08268 Netilmicin (INN) D08478 Ribostamycin (INN) D08526 Spectinomycin (INN) D08531 Streptomycin (INN) REFERENCE AUTHORS Fukai S. TITLE [New Drugs Today (6th ed)] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Jiho (1995) REFERENCE AUTHORS Walter S. TITLE Drug Discovery: A History JOURNAL Wiley (2005) REFERENCE AUTHORS Sakurai J. TITLE [Illustrated Microbiology (2nd ed)] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Nanzando REFERENCE PMID:12827054 AUTHORS Scuderi AC, Paladino GM, Marino C, Trombetta F. TITLE In vitro toxicity of netilmicin and ofloxacin on corneal epithelial cells. JOURNAL Cornea 22:468-72 (2003) DOI:10.1097/00003226-200307000-00014 REL_PATHWAY map00521 Streptomycin biosynthesis /// ENTRY map07020 Drug Pathway NAME Macrolides and ketolides PATHWAY_MAP map07020 Macrolides and ketolides COMPOUND D00140 Erythromycin (JP18/USP/INN) D00276 Clarithromycin (JP18/USP/INN) D00851 Erythromycin estolate (USP) D01078 Telithromycin (JAN/USAN/INN) D01235 Josamycin (JP18/USAN/INN) D01322 Troleandomycin (USAN/INN) D01339 Midecamycin (JP18/INN) D01361 Erythromycin ethylsuccinate (JP18/USP) D01614 Acetylkitasamycin (JP18) D01636 Midecamycin acetate (JP18) D01710 Roxithromycin (JP18/USAN/INN) D01897 Rokitamycin (JAN/INN) D02000 Kitasamycin tartrate (JP18) D02009 Erythromycin lactobionate (JP18/USP) D02134 Azithromycin hydrate (JP18) D02184 Erythromycin stearate (JP18/USP) D02186 Oleandomycin phosphate (JAN) D02269 Kitasamycin (JP18/USAN) D02391 Cethromycin (USAN/INN) D02420 Acetylspiramycin (JP18) D02490 Tylosin (USP/INN) D02492 Tilmicosin (USP/INN) D02493 Tilmicosin phosphate (USAN) D02523 Erythromycin acistrate (USAN) D02524 Erythromycin gluceptate (USP) D02525 Erythromycin propionate (USAN) D04054 Erythromycin salnacedin (USAN) D05351 Josamycin propionate (JP18) D05908 Spiramycin (JAN/USAN/INN) D06390 Azithromycin (USP) D07486 Azithromycin (INN) D07710 Clarithromycin lactobionate D07909 Erythromycin thiocyanate D07910 Erythromycin stinoprate (INN) D08527 Spiramycin adipate D08528 Spiramycin embonate REFERENCE AUTHORS Sano T, Naito T, Kubo T (eds). TITLE [Medicinal Chemistry, an Introduction (7th ed)] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Nankodo (2002) REFERENCE AUTHORS Fukai S. TITLE [New Drugs Today (6th ed)] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Jiho (1995) REFERENCE AUTHORS David AW, Thomas LL, William OF. TITLE Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry (5th ed) JOURNAL Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2002) REFERENCE AUTHORS Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Gilman AG (eds). TITLE Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (10th ed) JOURNAL McGraw-Hill (2001) REFERENCE AUTHORS Walter S. TITLE Drug Discovery: A History JOURNAL Wiley (2005) REFERENCE AUTHORS Japan Pharmaceutical Association (ed). TITLE [Face of Medecine: Structure Activity Relationship] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Yakuji Nippo (1999) REFERENCE AUTHORS Noguchi S, Hibino S (eds). TITLE [Medicinal Chemistry: Bridge Between Biology (3rd ed)] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Hirokawa (2002) REFERENCE AUTHORS Suzuki I, Maeda K. TITLE [Medicine Development (vol.5)] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Hirokawa REFERENCE AUTHORS Nasu M. TITLE [New macrolides.] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Sogo Rinsho 42(2):297-302 (1993) REFERENCE AUTHORS Hunter PA. TITLE Ketolides - a novel form of macrolide: the way forward? JOURNAL Drug Discov Today 3:257-260 (1998) DOI:10.1016/S1359-6446(98)01194-5 REL_PATHWAY map00522 Biosynthesis of 12-, 14- and 16-membered macrolides /// ENTRY map03070 Pathway NAME Bacterial secretion system DESCRIPTION Gram-negative bacteria secrete a wide range of proteins whose functions include biogenesis of organelles, such as pilli and flagella, nutrient acquisition, virulence, and efflux of drugs and other toxins. Six distinct secretion systems have been shown to mediate protein export through the inner and outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. These pathways are highly conserved throughout the Gram-negative bacterial species. In Gram-positive bacteria, secreted proteins are commonly translocated across the single membrane by the Sec pathway or the two-arginine (Tat) pathway. CLASS Environmental Information Processing; Membrane transport PATHWAY_MAP map03070 Bacterial secretion system DBLINKS GO: 0030253 0015628 0030254 0030255 0046819 0033103 0044098 0043952 0043953 REFERENCE PMID:11173102 AUTHORS Kim JF. TITLE Revisiting the chlamydial type III protein secretion system: clues to the origin of type III protein secretion. JOURNAL Trends Genet 17:65-9 (2001) DOI:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02175-2 REFERENCE PMID:11309112 AUTHORS Plano GV, Day JB, Ferracci F. TITLE Type III export: new uses for an old pathway. JOURNAL Mol Microbiol 40:284-93 (2001) DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02354.x REFERENCE PMID:11413015 AUTHORS Gauthier A, Finlay BB. TITLE Bacterial pathogenesis: the answer to virulence is in the pore. JOURNAL Curr Biol 11:R264-7 (2001) DOI:10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00134-8 REFERENCE PMID:10047550 AUTHORS Burns DL. TITLE Biochemistry of type IV secretion. JOURNAL Curr Opin Microbiol 2:25-9 (1999) DOI:10.1016/S1369-5274(99)80004-6 REFERENCE PMID:10920394 AUTHORS Christie PJ, Vogel JP. TITLE Bacterial type IV secretion: conjugation systems adapted to deliver effector molecules to host cells. JOURNAL Trends Microbiol 8:354-60 (2000) DOI:10.1016/S0966-842X(00)01792-3 REFERENCE PMID:11309113 AUTHORS Christie PJ. TITLE Type IV secretion: intercellular transfer of macromolecules by systems ancestrally related to conjugation machines. JOURNAL Mol Microbiol 40:294-305 (2001) DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02302.x REFERENCE PMID:10481178 AUTHORS Nunn D. TITLE Bacterial type II protein export and pilus biogenesis: more than just homologies? JOURNAL Trends Cell Biol 9:402-8 (1999) DOI:10.1016/S0962-8924(99)01634-7 REFERENCE PMID:11309111 AUTHORS Sandkvist M. TITLE Biology of type II secretion. JOURNAL Mol Microbiol 40:271-83 (2001) DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02403.x REFERENCE PMID:11349009 AUTHORS Sandkvist M. TITLE Type II secretion and pathogenesis. JOURNAL Infect Immun 69:3523-35 (2001) DOI:10.1128/IAI.69.6.3523-3535.2001 REFERENCE PMID:15546664 AUTHORS Delepelaire P TITLE Type I secretion in gram-negative bacteria. JOURNAL Biochim Biophys Acta 1694:149-61 (2004) DOI:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2004.05.001 REFERENCE PMID:18406342 AUTHORS Hazes B, Frost L TITLE Towards a systems biology approach to study type II/IV secretion systems. JOURNAL Biochim Biophys Acta 1778:1839-50 (2008) DOI:10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.03.011 REFERENCE PMID:16448494 AUTHORS Johnson TL, Abendroth J, Hol WG, Sandkvist M TITLE Type II secretion: from structure to function. JOURNAL FEMS Microbiol Lett 255:175-86 (2006) DOI:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00102.x REFERENCE PMID:15546665 AUTHORS Filloux A TITLE The underlying mechanisms of type II protein secretion. JOURNAL Biochim Biophys Acta 1694:163-79 (2004) DOI:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2004.05.003 REFERENCE PMID:19396170 AUTHORS Spreter T, Yip CK, Sanowar S, Andre I, Kimbrough TG, Vuckovic M, Pfuetzner RA, Deng W, Yu AC, Finlay BB, Baker D, Miller SI, Strynadka NC TITLE A conserved structural motif mediates formation of the periplasmic rings in the type III secretion system. JOURNAL Nat Struct Mol Biol 16:468-76 (2009) DOI:10.1038/nsmb.1603 REFERENCE PMID:15590783 AUTHORS Ghosh P TITLE Process of protein transport by the type III secretion system. JOURNAL Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 68:771-95 (2004) DOI:10.1128/MMBR.68.4.771-795.2004 REFERENCE PMID:12360191 AUTHORS Cornelis GR TITLE The Yersinia Ysc-Yop 'type III' weaponry. JOURNAL Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3:742-52 (2002) DOI:10.1038/nrm932 REFERENCE PMID:17215876 AUTHORS Baron C TITLE VirB8: a conserved type IV secretion system assembly factor and drug target. JOURNAL Biochem Cell Biol 84:890-9 (2006) DOI:10.1139/o06-148 REFERENCE PMID:17943123 AUTHORS Kwok T, Zabler D, Urman S, Rohde M, Hartig R, Wessler S, Misselwitz R, Berger J, Sewald N, Konig W, Backert S TITLE Helicobacter exploits integrin for type IV secretion and kinase activation. JOURNAL Nature 449:862-6 (2007) DOI:10.1038/nature06187 REFERENCE PMID:16092524 AUTHORS Christie PJ, Cascales E TITLE Structural and dynamic properties of bacterial type IV secretion systems (review). JOURNAL Mol Membr Biol 22:51-61 (2005) DOI:10.1080/09687860500063316 REFERENCE PMID:15546668 AUTHORS Christie PJ TITLE Type IV secretion: the Agrobacterium VirB/D4 and related conjugation systems. JOURNAL Biochim Biophys Acta 1694:219-34 (2004) DOI:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2004.02.013 REFERENCE PMID:15590781 AUTHORS Henderson IR, Navarro-Garcia F, Desvaux M, Fernandez RC, Ala'Aldeen D TITLE Type V protein secretion pathway: the autotransporter story. JOURNAL Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 68:692-744 (2004) DOI:10.1128/MMBR.68.4.692-744.2004 REFERENCE PMID:9778731 AUTHORS Henderson IR, Navarro-Garcia F, Nataro JP TITLE The great escape: structure and function of the autotransporter proteins. JOURNAL Trends Microbiol 6:370-8 (1998) DOI:10.1016/S0966-842X(98)01318-3 REFERENCE PMID:18524912 AUTHORS Filloux A, Hachani A, Bleves S TITLE The bacterial type VI secretion machine: yet another player for protein transport across membranes. JOURNAL Microbiology 154:1570-83 (2008) DOI:10.1099/mic.0.2008/016840-0 REFERENCE PMID:19251641 AUTHORS Leiman PG, Basler M, Ramagopal UA, Bonanno JB, Sauder JM, Pukatzki S, Burley SK, Almo SC, Mekalanos JJ TITLE Type VI secretion apparatus and phage tail-associated protein complexes share a common evolutionary origin. JOURNAL Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:4154-9 (2009) DOI:10.1073/pnas.0813360106 REFERENCE PMID:17603507 AUTHORS Kulasekara HD, Miller SI TITLE Threonine phosphorylation times bacterial secretion. JOURNAL Nat Cell Biol 9:734-6 (2007) DOI:10.1038/ncb0707-734 REFERENCE PMID:18078384 AUTHORS Driessen AJ, Nouwen N TITLE Protein translocation across the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. JOURNAL Annu Rev Biochem 77:643-67 (2008) DOI:10.1146/annurev.biochem.77.061606.160747 REFERENCE PMID:14641032 AUTHORS Pool MR TITLE Getting to the membrane: how is co-translational protein targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum regulated? JOURNAL Biochem Soc Trans 31:1232-7 (2003) DOI:10.1042/bst0311232 REFERENCE PMID:19299134 AUTHORS Desvaux M, Hebraud M, Talon R, Henderson IR TITLE Secretion and subcellular localizations of bacterial proteins: a semantic awareness issue. JOURNAL Trends Microbiol 17:139-45 (2009) DOI:10.1016/j.tim.2009.01.004 REFERENCE PMID:15063851 AUTHORS Nakatogawa H, Murakami A, Ito K TITLE Control of SecA and SecM translation by protein secretion. JOURNAL Curr Opin Microbiol 7:145-50 (2004) DOI:10.1016/j.mib.2004.01.001 KO_PATHWAY ko03070 /// ENTRY map00600 Pathway NAME Sphingolipid metabolism CLASS Metabolism; Lipid metabolism PATHWAY_MAP map00600 Sphingolipid metabolism MODULE M00066 Lactosylceramide biosynthesis [PATH:map00600] M00067 Sulfoglycolipids biosynthesis, ceramide/1-alkyl-2-acylglycerol => sulfatide/seminolipid [PATH:map00600] M00094 Ceramide biosynthesis [PATH:map00600] M00099 Sphingosine biosynthesis [PATH:map00600] M00100 Sphingosine degradation [PATH:map00600] DBLINKS GO: 0006665 REFERENCE PMID:12011104 AUTHORS Merrill AH Jr. TITLE De novo sphingolipid biosynthesis: a necessary, but dangerous, pathway. JOURNAL J Biol Chem 277:25843-6 (2002) DOI:10.1074/jbc.R200009200 REFERENCE PMID:10652340 AUTHORS Tani M, Okino N, Mitsutake S, Tanigawa T, Izu H, Ito M. TITLE Purification and characterization of a neutral ceramidase from mouse liver. A single protein catalyzes the reversible reaction in which ceramide is both hydrolyzed and synthesized. JOURNAL J Biol Chem 275:3462-8 (2000) DOI:10.1074/jbc.275.5.3462 REFERENCE PMID:11305904 AUTHORS Hannun YA, Luberto C, Argraves KM. TITLE Enzymes of sphingolipid metabolism: from modular to integrative signaling. JOURNAL Biochemistry 40:4893-903 (2001) DOI:10.1021/bi002836k REFERENCE PMID:1495423 AUTHORS Merrill AH Jr, Wang E. TITLE Enzymes of ceramide biosynthesis. JOURNAL Methods Enzymol 209:427-37 (1992) DOI:10.1016/0076-6879(92)09053-6 REFERENCE PMID:8457204 AUTHORS Hirschberg K, Rodger J, Futerman AH. TITLE The long-chain sphingoid base of sphingolipids is acylated at the cytosolic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum in rat liver. JOURNAL Biochem J 290 ( Pt 3):751-7 (1993) DOI:10.1042/bj2900751 REFERENCE PMID:10366774 AUTHORS Dickson RC, Lester RL. TITLE Metabolism and selected functions of sphingolipids in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JOURNAL Biochim Biophys Acta 1438:305-21 (1999) DOI:10.1016/S1388-1981(99)00068-2 REL_PATHWAY map00260 Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism map00601 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis - lacto and neolacto series map00603 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis - globo and isoglobo series map00604 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis - ganglio series KO_PATHWAY ko00600 /// ENTRY map00601 Pathway NAME Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis - lacto and neolacto series CLASS Metabolism; Glycan biosynthesis and metabolism PATHWAY_MAP map00601 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis - lacto and neolacto series MODULE M00070 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, lacto-series, LacCer => Lc4Cer [PATH:map00601] M00071 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, neolacto-series, LacCer => nLc4Cer [PATH:map00601] DBLINKS GO: 0001572 REL_PATHWAY map00600 Sphingolipid metabolism KO_PATHWAY ko00601 /// ENTRY map00603 Pathway NAME Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis - globo and isoglobo series CLASS Metabolism; Glycan biosynthesis and metabolism PATHWAY_MAP map00603 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis - globo and isoglobo series MODULE M00068 Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, globo-series, LacCer => Gb4Cer [PATH:map00603] DBLINKS GO: 0001576 1990387 REFERENCE PMID:12716912 AUTHORS Saito S, Aoki H, Ito A, Ueno S, Wada T, Mitsuzuka K, Satoh M, Arai Y, Miyagi T. TITLE Human alpha2,3-sialyltransferase (ST3Gal II) is a stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 synthase. JOURNAL J Biol Chem 278:26474-9 (2003) DOI:10.1074/jbc.M213223200 REFERENCE PMID:10837462 AUTHORS Zhou D, Henion TR, Jungalwala FB, Berger EG, Hennet T. TITLE The beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase beta 3GalT-V is a stage-specific embryonic antigen-3 (SSEA-3) synthase. JOURNAL J Biol Chem 275:22631-4 (2000) DOI:10.1074/jbc.C000263200 REFERENCE PMID:10748143 AUTHORS Kojima Y, Fukumoto S, Furukawa K, Okajima T, Wiels J, Yokoyama K, Suzuki Y, Urano T, Ohta M, Furukawa K. TITLE Molecular cloning of globotriaosylceramide/CD77 synthase, aglycosyltransferase that initiates the synthesis of globo seriesglycosphingolipids. JOURNAL J Biol Chem 275:15152-6 (2000) DOI:10.1074/jbc.M909620199 REFERENCE PMID:10854428 AUTHORS Keusch JJ, Manzella SM, Nyame KA, Cummings RD, Baenziger JU. TITLE Cloning of Gb3 synthase, the key enzyme in globo-series glycosphingolipidsynthesis, predicts a family of alpha 1, 4-glycosyltransferases conservedin plants, insects, and mammals. JOURNAL J Biol Chem 275:25315-21 (2000) DOI:10.1074/jbc.M002630200 REFERENCE PMID:10854427 AUTHORS Keusch JJ, Manzella SM, Nyame KA, Cummings RD, Baenziger JU TITLE Expression cloning of a new member of the ABO blood group glycosyltransferases, iGb3 synthase, that directs the synthesis of isoglobo-glycosphingolipids. JOURNAL J Biol Chem 275:25308-14 (2000) DOI:10.1074/jbc.M002629200 REL_PATHWAY map00600 Sphingolipid metabolism KO_PATHWAY ko00603 /// ENTRY C00099 Compound NAME beta-Alanine; 3-Aminopropionic acid; 3-Aminopropanoate FORMULA C3H7NO2 EXACT_MASS 89.0477 MOL_WEIGHT 89.09 REMARK Same as: D07561 REACTION R00489 R00904 R00905 R00906 R00907 R00908 R00909 R00910 R00911 R00912 R00913 R00914 R00915 R00916 R00917 R01164 R01166 R02473 R02474 R02741 R03286 R03288 R03935 R09379 R09648 R10821 PATHWAY map00240 Pyrimidine metabolism map00410 beta-Alanine metabolism map00640 Propanoate metabolism map00770 Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis map01100 Metabolic pathways map01110 Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites map01240 Biosynthesis of cofactors map04080 Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction map04974 Protein digestion and absorption MODULE M00046 Pyrimidine degradation, uracil => beta-alanine, thymine => 3-aminoisobutanoate M00119 Pantothenate biosynthesis, valine/L-aspartate => pantothenate M00913 Pantothenate biosynthesis, 2-oxoisovalerate/spermine => pantothenate ENZYME 1.2.1.3 1.2.1.5 1.2.1.19 1.5.1.26 2.6.1.18 2.6.1.19 2.6.1.55 2.6.1.120 2.8.3.- 3.4.13.4 3.4.13.5 3.4.13.18 3.4.13.20 3.5.1.6 3.5.1.21 3.5.1.22 3.5.1.100 3.5.3.17 4.1.1.11 4.1.1.15 6.3.2.1 6.3.2.11 6.3.2.23 6.3.2.36 6.3.2.44 BRITE Compounds with biological roles [BR:br08001] Peptides Amino acids Other amino acids C00099 beta-Alanine Amines Biogenic amines C00099 beta-Alanine DBLINKS CAS: 107-95-9 PubChem: 3399 ChEBI: 16958 KNApSAcK: C00001333 PDB-CCD: BAL NIKKAJI: J4.070C ATOM 6 1 C1b C 25.6778 -16.8919 2 C6a C 24.4732 -16.1936 3 C1b C 26.8940 -16.1936 4 O6a O 23.2571 -16.8978 5 O6a O 24.4732 -14.7912 6 N1a N 28.1045 -16.8919 BOND 5 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 2 4 1 4 2 5 2 5 3 6 1 ///