ENTRY map05320 Pathway NAME Autoimmune thyroid disease DESCRIPTION The classification of autoimmune throid disease (AITD) includes Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) or chronic autoimmune thyroiditis and its variants, Graves' disease (GD) and autoimmune atrophic thyroiditis or primary myxedema. HT is characterized by the presence of goitre, thyroid autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (Tg) in serum and varying degrees of thyroid dysfunction. During HT, self-reactive CD4+ T lymphocytes (Th) recruit B cells and CD8+ T cells (CTL) into the thyroid. Disease progression leads to the death of thyroid cells and hypothyroidism. Both autoantibodies and thyroid-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) have been proposed to be responsible for autoimmune thyrocyte depletion. In GD, the TSH-R is the most important autoantigen. Antibodies directed against it mimic the effects of the hormone on thyroid cells, TSH, stimulating autonomous production of thyroxine and triiodothyronine and causing hyperthyroidism. The presence of TSH-R-blocking antibodies that bind the TSH receptor in a similar fashion to the antibodies in patients with Grave's disease but that block rather than activate the receptor explains some cases of atrophic hypothyroidism. CLASS Human Diseases; Immune disease PATHWAY_MAP map05320 Autoimmune thyroid disease REFERENCE PMID:15049952 AUTHORS Fountoulakis S, Tsatsoulis A. TITLE On the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease: a unifying hypothesis. JOURNAL Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 60:397-409 (2004) DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2004.01978.x REFERENCE PMID:15762980 AUTHORS Chistiakov DA. TITLE Immunogenetics of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. JOURNAL J Autoimmune Dis 2:1 (2005) DOI:10.1186/1740-2557-2-1 REFERENCE PMID:9534029 AUTHORS McIver B, Morris JC. TITLE The pathogenesis of Graves' disease. JOURNAL Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 27:73-89 (1998) DOI:10.1016/S0889-8529(05)70299-1 REFERENCE PMID:11913070 AUTHORS Stassi G, De Maria R. TITLE Autoimmune thyroid disease: new models of cell death in autoimmunity. JOURNAL Nat Rev Immunol 2:195-204 (2002) DOI:10.1038/nri750 REFERENCE PMID:12192541 AUTHORS Collins J, Gough S. TITLE Autoimmunity in thyroid disease. JOURNAL Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 29 Suppl 2:S417-24 (2002) DOI:10.1007/s00259-002-0848-8 REFERENCE PMID:11396701 AUTHORS Ruwhof C, Drexhage HA. TITLE Iodine and thyroid autoimmune disease in animal models. JOURNAL Thyroid 11:427-36 (2001) DOI:10.1089/105072501300176381 REFERENCE PMID:17192582 AUTHORS Tsatsoulis A. TITLE The role of stress in the clinical expression of thyroid autoimmunity. JOURNAL Ann N Y Acad Sci 1088:382-95 (2006) DOI:10.1196/annals.1366.015 REFERENCE PMID:15132715 AUTHORS Prummel MF, Strieder T, Wiersinga WM. TITLE The environment and autoimmune thyroid diseases. JOURNAL Eur J Endocrinol 150:605-18 (2004) DOI:10.1530/eje.0.1500605 REFERENCE PMID:11577986 AUTHORS Kopp P. TITLE The TSH receptor and its role in thyroid disease. JOURNAL Cell Mol Life Sci 58:1301-22 (2001) DOI:10.1007/PL00000941 REL_PATHWAY map04210 Apoptosis map04514 Cell adhesion molecule (CAM) interaction map04610 Complement and coagulation cascades map04612 Antigen processing and presentation map04660 T cell receptor signaling pathway map04662 B cell receptor signaling pathway map04918 Thyroid hormone synthesis KO_PATHWAY ko05320 /// ENTRY map05321 Pathway NAME Inflammatory bowel disease DESCRIPTION Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract due to environmental and genetic factors, infectious microbes, and the dysregulated immune system. Although many environmental factors (for example, geographic locations, smoking, etc.) affect the development of IBD, the most crucial might be the luminal (external) environment of the epithelial cells. There are pathogens that are found in increasing frequency in IBD. The microbial components such as flagellin, peptidoglycan, and lipopolysaccharide are recognized by receptors such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins, and also by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in genetically susceptible host. The TLR recognition triggers the activation of NF-kappaB, leading to an inflammatory response. APC-expressed gene NOD2 has been associated with Crohn disease. In case of mutations of NOD2, negative regulation of IL-12 production is reduced with the stimulation of muramyl dipeptide (MDP), leading to CD. In addition, the APC mediates the differentiation of naive T cells into effector T cells (Th1, Th17, Th2) and natural killer T (NKT) cells. Th1 and Th17 cells produce high levels of IFN-gamma and IL-17, -22, respectively, both of which promote CD. In contrast, Th2 cells produce IL-4, -5, -10, which together with IL-13 from NKT induce UC. CLASS Human Diseases; Immune disease PATHWAY_MAP map05321 Inflammatory bowel disease DISEASE H01227 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) REFERENCE PMID:20134493 AUTHORS Melmed GY, Targan SR TITLE Future biologic targets for IBD: potentials and pitfalls. JOURNAL Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 7:110-7 (2010) DOI:10.1038/nrgastro.2009.218 REFERENCE PMID:18200661 AUTHORS Shih DQ, Targan SR TITLE Immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. JOURNAL World J Gastroenterol 14:390-400 (2008) DOI:10.3748/wjg.14.390 REFERENCE PMID:17499605 AUTHORS Baumgart DC, Carding SR TITLE Inflammatory bowel disease: cause and immunobiology. JOURNAL Lancet 369:1627-40 (2007) DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60750-8 REFERENCE PMID:16493424 AUTHORS Strober W, Murray PJ, Kitani A, Watanabe T TITLE Signalling pathways and molecular interactions of NOD1 and NOD2. JOURNAL Nat Rev Immunol 6:9-20 (2006) DOI:10.1038/nri1747 REFERENCE PMID:21487504 AUTHORS Matricon J, Barnich N, Ardid D TITLE Immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. JOURNAL Self Nonself 1:299-309 (2010) DOI:10.4161/self.1.4.13560 REFERENCE PMID:12797537 AUTHORS Agnello D, Lankford CS, Bream J, Morinobu A, Gadina M, O'Shea JJ, Frucht DM TITLE Cytokines and transcription factors that regulate T helper cell differentiation: new players and new insights. JOURNAL J Clin Immunol 23:147-61 (2003) DOI:10.1023/A:1023381027062 REFERENCE PMID:10898785 AUTHORS Glimcher LH, Murphy KM TITLE Lineage commitment in the immune system: the T helper lymphocyte grows up. JOURNAL Genes Dev 14:1693-711 (2000) DOI:10.1101/gad.14.14.1693 REFERENCE PMID:12042806 AUTHORS Neurath MF, Finotto S, Glimcher LH TITLE The role of Th1/Th2 polarization in mucosal immunity. JOURNAL Nat Med 8:567-73 (2002) DOI:10.1038/nm0602-567 REFERENCE PMID:12006974 AUTHORS Afkarian M, Sedy JR, Yang J, Jacobson NG, Cereb N, Yang SY, Murphy TL, Murphy KM TITLE T-bet is a STAT1-induced regulator of IL-12R expression in naive CD4+ T cells. JOURNAL Nat Immunol 3:549-57 (2002) DOI:10.1038/ni794 REFERENCE PMID:18242222 AUTHORS Sartor RB TITLE Microbial influences in inflammatory bowel diseases. JOURNAL Gastroenterology 134:577-94 (2008) DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.11.059 REFERENCE PMID:9759857 AUTHORS Yoshimoto T, Takeda K, Tanaka T, Ohkusu K, Kashiwamura S, Okamura H, Akira S, Nakanishi K TITLE IL-12 up-regulates IL-18 receptor expression on T cells, Th1 cells, and B cells: synergism with IL-18 for IFN-gamma production. JOURNAL J Immunol 161:3400-7 (1998) REFERENCE PMID:23176791 AUTHORS Hur SJ, Kang SH, Jung HS, Kim SC, Jeon HS, Kim IH, Lee JD TITLE Review of natural products actions on cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. JOURNAL Nutr Res 32:801-16 (2012) DOI:10.1016/j.nutres.2012.09.013 REFERENCE PMID:18563156 AUTHORS Bettelli E, Korn T, Oukka M, Kuchroo VK TITLE Induction and effector functions of T(H)17 cells. JOURNAL Nature 453:1051-7 (2008) DOI:10.1038/nature07036 REFERENCE PMID:18053739 AUTHORS Ivanov II, Zhou L, Littman DR TITLE Transcriptional regulation of Th17 cell differentiation. JOURNAL Semin Immunol 19:409-17 (2007) DOI:10.1016/j.smim.2007.10.011 REFERENCE PMID:19322214 AUTHORS Di Cesare A, Di Meglio P, Nestle FO TITLE The IL-23/Th17 axis in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis. JOURNAL J Invest Dermatol 129:1339-50 (2009) DOI:10.1038/jid.2009.59 REFERENCE PMID:19381306 AUTHORS Jetten AM TITLE Retinoid-related orphan receptors (RORs): critical roles in development, immunity, circadian rhythm, and cellular metabolism. JOURNAL Nucl Recept Signal 7:e003 (2009) DOI:10.1621/nrs.07003 REFERENCE PMID:21681604 AUTHORS Bene L, Falus A, Baffy N, Fulop AK TITLE Cellular and molecular mechanisms in the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease. JOURNAL Pathol Oncol Res 17:463-72 (2011) DOI:10.1007/s12253-011-9397-4 REL_PATHWAY map04060 Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction map04612 Antigen processing and presentation map04620 Toll-like receptor signaling pathway map04621 NOD-like receptor signaling pathway map04630 JAK-STAT signaling pathway map04659 Th17 cell differentiation map04660 T cell receptor signaling pathway KO_PATHWAY ko05321 /// ENTRY map05322 Pathway NAME Systemic lupus erythematosus DESCRIPTION Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease characterised by the production of IgG autoantibodies that are specific for self-antigens, such as DNA, nuclear proteins and certain cytoplasmic components, in association with a diverse array of clinical manifestations. The primary pathological findings in patients with SLE are those of inflammation, vasculitis, immune complex deposition, and vasculopathy. Immune complexes comprising autoantibody and self-antigen is deposited particulary in the renal glomeruli and mediate a systemic inflammatory response by activating complement or via Fc{gamma}R-mediated neutrophil and macrophage activation. Activation of complement (C5) leads to injury both through formation of the membrane attack complex (C5b-9) or by generation of the anaphylatoxin and cell activator C5a. Neutrophils and macrophages cause tissue injury by the release of oxidants and proteases. CLASS Human Diseases; Immune disease PATHWAY_MAP map05322 Systemic lupus erythematosus DISEASE H00080 Systemic lupus erythematosus REFERENCE PMID:18305268 AUTHORS Rahman A, Isenberg DA. TITLE Systemic lupus erythematosus. JOURNAL N Engl J Med 358:929-39 (2008) DOI:10.1056/NEJMra071297 REFERENCE PMID:12835292 AUTHORS Mok CC, Lau CS. TITLE Pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. JOURNAL J Clin Pathol 56:481-90 (2003) DOI:10.1136/jcp.56.7.481 REFERENCE PMID:17943287 AUTHORS Clatworthy MR, Smith KG. TITLE B cells in glomerulonephritis: focus on lupus nephritis. JOURNAL Semin Immunopathol 29:337-53 (2007) DOI:10.1007/s00281-007-0092-1 REFERENCE PMID:8048228 AUTHORS Couser WG. TITLE New insights into mechanisms of immune glomerular injury. JOURNAL West J Med 160:440-6 (1994) REFERENCE PMID:16932712 AUTHORS Cook HT, Botto M. TITLE Mechanisms of Disease: the complement system and the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. JOURNAL Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2:330-7 (2006) DOI:10.1038/ncprheum0191 REFERENCE PMID:15459673 AUTHORS Carroll MC. TITLE A protective role for innate immunity in systemic lupus erythematosus. JOURNAL Nat Rev Immunol 4:825-31 (2004) DOI:10.1038/nri1456 REFERENCE PMID:15972354 AUTHORS Sturfelt G, Truedsson L. TITLE Complement and its breakdown products in SLE. JOURNAL Rheumatology (Oxford) 44:1227-32 (2005) DOI:10.1093/rheumatology/keh719 REFERENCE PMID:10430616 AUTHORS Lu L, Kaliyaperumal A, Boumpas DT, Datta SK. TITLE Major peptide autoepitopes for nucleosome-specific T cells of human lupus. JOURNAL J Clin Invest 104:345-55 (1999) DOI:10.1172/JCI6801 REFERENCE PMID:12965173 AUTHORS Zieve GW, Khusial PR. TITLE The anti-Sm immune response in autoimmunity and cell biology. JOURNAL Autoimmun Rev 2:235-40 (2003) DOI:10.1016/S1568-9972(03)00018-1 REFERENCE PMID:10025913 AUTHORS Scofield RH, Farris AD, Horsfall AC, Harley JB. TITLE Fine specificity of the autoimmune response to the Ro/SSA and La/SSB ribonucleoproteins. JOURNAL Arthritis Rheum 42:199-209 (1999) DOI:10.1002/1529-0131(199902)42:2<199::AID-ANR1>3.0.CO;2-1 REFERENCE PMID:15380523 AUTHORS Hoffman RW. TITLE T cells in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. JOURNAL Clin Immunol 113:4-13 (2004) DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2004.05.001 REL_PATHWAY map04060 Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction map04514 Cell adhesion molecule (CAM) interaction map04610 Complement and coagulation cascades map04612 Antigen processing and presentation map04630 JAK-STAT signaling pathway map04660 T cell receptor signaling pathway map04662 B cell receptor signaling pathway map04670 Leukocyte transendothelial migration KO_PATHWAY ko05322 /// ENTRY map05323 Pathway NAME Rheumatoid arthritis DESCRIPTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune joint disease where persistent inflammation affects bone remodeling leading to progressive bone destruction. In RA, abnormal activation of the immune system elevates pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines levels, which can promote synovial angiogenesis and leukocyte infiltration. The synovium forms a hyperplastic pannus with infiltrated macrophage-like and fibroblast-like synoviocytes and invades joints by secreting proteinases and inducing osteoclast differentiation. CLASS Human Diseases; Immune disease PATHWAY_MAP map05323 Rheumatoid arthritis DISEASE H00630 Rheumatoid arthritis REFERENCE PMID:16127012 AUTHORS Zwerina J, Redlich K, Schett G, Smolen JS TITLE Pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: targeting cytokines. JOURNAL Ann N Y Acad Sci 1051:716-29 (2005) DOI:10.1196/annals.1361.116 REFERENCE PMID:20036936 AUTHORS Szekanecz Z, Vegvari A, Szabo Z, Koch AE TITLE Chemokines and chemokine receptors in arthritis. JOURNAL Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2:153-67 (2010) DOI:10.2741/53 REFERENCE PMID:20651747 AUTHORS Isaacs JD TITLE The changing face of rheumatoid arthritis: sustained remission for all? JOURNAL Nat Rev Immunol 10:605-11 (2010) DOI:10.1038/nri2804 REFERENCE PMID:17195034 AUTHORS Strand V, Kimberly R, Isaacs JD TITLE Biologic therapies in rheumatology: lessons learned, future directions. JOURNAL Nat Rev Drug Discov 6:75-92 (2007) DOI:10.1038/nrd2196 REFERENCE PMID:20193003 AUTHORS Bartok B, Firestein GS TITLE Fibroblast-like synoviocytes: key effector cells in rheumatoid arthritis. JOURNAL Immunol Rev 233:233-55 (2010) DOI:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00859.x REFERENCE PMID:17502360 AUTHORS Dai SM, Shan ZZ, Xu H, Nishioka K TITLE Cellular targets of interleukin-18 in rheumatoid arthritis. JOURNAL Ann Rheum Dis 66:1411-8 (2007) DOI:10.1136/ard.2006.067793 REFERENCE PMID:9627005 AUTHORS Koch AE TITLE Review: angiogenesis: implications for rheumatoid arthritis. JOURNAL Arthritis Rheum 41:951-62 (1998) DOI:10.1002/1529-0131(199806)41:6<951::AID-ART2>3.0.CO;2-D REFERENCE PMID:20305562 AUTHORS Szekanecz Z, Besenyei T, Szentpetery A, Koch AE TITLE Angiogenesis and vasculogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. JOURNAL Curr Opin Rheumatol 22:299-306 (2010) DOI:10.1097/BOR.0b013e328337c95a REFERENCE PMID:15059264 AUTHORS Brunner-Weinzierl MC, Hoff H, Burmester GR TITLE Multiple functions for CD28 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 during different phases of T cell responses: implications for arthritis and autoimmune diseases. JOURNAL Arthritis Res Ther 6:45-54 (2004) DOI:10.1186/ar1158 REFERENCE PMID:11861618 AUTHORS Theill LE, Boyle WJ, Penninger JM TITLE RANK-L and RANK: T cells, bone loss, and mammalian evolution. JOURNAL Annu Rev Immunol 20:795-823 (2002) DOI:10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.100301.064753 REFERENCE PMID:19184540 AUTHORS Mensah KA, Li J, Schwarz EM TITLE The emerging field of osteoimmunology. JOURNAL Immunol Res 45:100-13 (2009) DOI:10.1007/s12026-009-8093-x REFERENCE PMID:16313349 AUTHORS Takayanagi H, Sato K, Takaoka A, Taniguchi T TITLE Interplay between interferon and other cytokine systems in bone metabolism. JOURNAL Immunol Rev 208:181-93 (2005) DOI:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00337.x REFERENCE PMID:20392226 AUTHORS Takayanagi H TITLE New immune connections in osteoclast formation. JOURNAL Ann N Y Acad Sci 1192:117-23 (2010) DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05303.x REFERENCE PMID:19585227 AUTHORS Nakashima T, Takayanagi H TITLE Osteoimmunology: crosstalk between the immune and bone systems. JOURNAL J Clin Immunol 29:555-67 (2009) DOI:10.1007/s10875-009-9316-6 REFERENCE PMID:19455385 AUTHORS Nakashima T, Takayanagi H TITLE Osteoclasts and the immune system. JOURNAL J Bone Miner Metab 27:519-29 (2009) DOI:10.1007/s00774-009-0089-z REFERENCE PMID:17380158 AUTHORS Takayanagi H TITLE Osteoimmunology: shared mechanisms and crosstalk between the immune and bone systems. JOURNAL Nat Rev Immunol 7:292-304 (2007) DOI:10.1038/nri2062 REFERENCE PMID:20510236 AUTHORS Fox DA, Gizinski A, Morgan R, Lundy SK TITLE Cell-cell interactions in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. JOURNAL Rheum Dis Clin North Am 36:311-23 (2010) DOI:10.1016/j.rdc.2010.02.004 REFERENCE PMID:15055519 AUTHORS Rho J, Takami M, Choi Y TITLE Osteoimmunology: interactions of the immune and skeletal systems. JOURNAL Mol Cells 17:1-9 (2004) REL_PATHWAY map04370 VEGF signaling pathway map04380 Osteoclast differentiation map04620 Toll-like receptor signaling pathway map04659 Th17 cell differentiation map04660 T cell receptor signaling pathway map04670 Leukocyte transendothelial migration KO_PATHWAY ko05323 /// ENTRY map07224 Drug Pathway NAME Opioid receptor agonists/antagonists PATHWAY_MAP map07224 Opioid receptor agonists/antagonists COMPOUND C16044 Nociceptin C18010 Deltorphin A C18095 Deltorphin B C18097 Deltorphin C C18128 Naltrindole D00195 Codeine (USP) D00320 Fentanyl (JAN/USP/INN) D00482 Propoxyphene hydrochloride (USAN) D00498 Pentazocine (JP19/USP/INN) D00835 Alfentanil hydrochloride (USP) D00836 Buprenorphine hydrochloride (JP19/USP) D00837 Butorphanol tartrate (JAN/USP) D00839 Hydromorphone hydrochloride (JAN/USP) D00840 Levomethadyl acetate hydrochloride (USAN) D00841 Levorphanol tartrate (USP) D00842 Morphine sulfate (USP) D00843 Nalbuphine hydrochloride (USAN) D00844 Oxymorphone hydrochloride (USP) D00845 Sufentanil citrate (USP) D00847 Oxycodone hydrochloride (USP) D01177 Remifentanil hydrochloride (JAN/USAN) D01340 Naloxone hydrochloride (JP19/USP) D01355 Tramadol hydrochloride (JP19/USP) D01383 Meperidine hydrochloride (USP) D01399 Fentanyl citrate (JP19/USP) D01481 Dihydrocodeine phosphate (JP19) D01879 Eptazocine hydrobromide (JAN) D02095 Naltrexone hydrochloride (USP) D02101 Codeine phosphate (USP) D02102 Methadone hydrochloride (JAN/USP) D02104 Nalmefene hydrochloride D02111 Pentazocine lactate (USP) D02227 Pentazocine hydrochloride (JAN/USP) D02238 Levallorphan tartrate (JP19) D02271 Morphine hydrochloride hydrate (JP19) D02878 Alvimopan (USAN) D03156 Brifentanil hydrochloride (USAN) D03197 Butorphanol (USAN/INN) D03405 Carfentanil citrate (USAN) D03580 Codeine sulfate (USP) D03618 Cyclazocine (USAN/INN) D03725 Hydrocodone bitartrate (USP) D03783 Oxycodone terephthalate (USP) D03825 Dihydrocodeine bitartrate (USP) D04461 Hydrocodone polistirex (USAN) D04649 Ketazocine (USAN/INN) D04716 Levomethadyl acetate (USAN) D04764 Lofentanil oxalate (USAN) D04973 Methadyl acetate (USAN) D05048 Mirfentanil hydrochloride (USAN) D05111 Nalmefene (USAN/INN) D05113 Naltrexone (USAN/INN) D05217 Ocfentanil hydrochloride (USAN) D05312 Oxycodone (USAN/INN) D05462 Oxycodone hydrochloride hydrate (JP19) D05632 Propoxyphene napsylate (USAN) D05907 Spiradoline mesylate (USAN) D05938 Sufentanil (USAN/INN) D06208 Trefentanil hydrochloride (USAN) D06268 Trimeperidine (INN) D06405 Nalfurafine hydrochloride (JAN/USAN) D06618 Methylnaltrexone bromide (JAN/USAN) D07122 Alfentanil (INN) D07132 Buprenorphine (JAN/INN) D07286 Diamorphine (BAN) D07620 Carfentanil (INN) D07740 Codeine hydrochloride D07809 Dextropropoxyphene (INN) D07810 Diacetylmorphine hydrochloride D07831 Dihydrocodeine (INN) D07832 Dihydrocodeine thiocyanate D07863 Diprenorphine (INN) D07864 Diprenorphine hydrochloride D07904 Eptazocine (INN) D08045 Hydrocodone (INN) D08046 Hydrocodone hydrochloride D08047 Hydromorphone (INN) D08121 Levomethadone (INN) D08122 Levomethadone hydrochloride D08123 Levorphanol (INN) D08195 Methadone (BAN) D08233 Morphine (BAN) D08234 Morphine tartrate D08246 Nalbuphine (INN) D08247 Nalorphine (INN) D08248 Nalorphine hydrochloride (USP) D08249 Naloxone (INN) D08323 Oxymorphone (INN) D08343 Pethidine (INN) D08473 Remifentanil (INN) D08623 Tramadol (INN) REFERENCE AUTHORS Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL. TITLE Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, eleventh edition JOURNAL McGraw-Hill (2005) REFERENCE AUTHORS Yamakawa K., Kanaoka Y., Iwasawa Y. TITLE [Medicinal Chemistry (5th ed)] (In Japanase) JOURNAL Kodansha Scientific /// ENTRY map04130 Pathway NAME SNARE interactions in vesicular transport CLASS Genetic Information Processing; Folding, sorting and degradation PATHWAY_MAP map04130 SNARE interactions in vesicular transport REFERENCE PMID:16882042 AUTHORS Yoshizawa AC, Kawashima S, Okuda S, Fujita M, Itoh M, Moriya Y, Hattori M, Kanehisa M TITLE Extracting sequence motifs and the phylogenetic features of SNARE-dependent membrane traffic. JOURNAL Traffic 7:1104-18 (2006) DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2006.00451.x REFERENCE PMID:10839363 AUTHORS Scales SJ, Chen YA, Yoo BY, Patel SM, Doung YC, Scheller RH. TITLE SNAREs contribute to the specificity of membrane fusion. JOURNAL Neuron 26:457-64 (2000) DOI:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81177-0 REFERENCE PMID:11737951 AUTHORS Teng FY, Wang Y, Tang BL. TITLE The syntaxins. JOURNAL Genome Biol 2:REVIEWS3012 (2001) DOI:10.1186/gb-2001-2-11-reviews3012 REFERENCE PMID:11115874 AUTHORS Sanderfoot AA, Assaad FF, Raikhel NV. TITLE The Arabidopsis genome. An abundance of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor adaptor protein receptors. JOURNAL Plant Physiol 124:1558-69 (2000) DOI:10.1104/pp.124.4.1558 REFERENCE PMID:15342965 AUTHORS Uemura T, Ueda T, Ohniwa RL, Nakano A, Takeyasu K, Sato MH. TITLE Systematic analysis of SNARE molecules in Arabidopsis: dissection of the post-Golgi network in plant cells. JOURNAL Cell Struct Funct 29:49-65 (2004) DOI:10.1247/csf.29.49 REFERENCE PMID:10872468 AUTHORS Jahn R, Sudhof TC. TITLE Membrane fusion and exocytosis. JOURNAL Annu Rev Biochem 68:863-911 (1999) DOI:10.1146/annurev.biochem.68.1.863 REFERENCE PMID:11306253 AUTHORS Pelham HR. TITLE SNAREs and the specificity of membrane fusion. JOURNAL Trends Cell Biol 11:99-101 (2001) DOI:10.1016/S0962-8924(01)01929-8 REFERENCE PMID:11104523 AUTHORS Armstrong J TITLE Membrane traffic between genomes. JOURNAL Genome Biol 1:REVIEWS104 (2000) DOI:10.1186/gb-2000-1-1-reviews104 REFERENCE PMID:11237004 AUTHORS Bock JB, Matern HT, Peden AA, Scheller RH. TITLE A genomic perspective on membrane compartment organization. JOURNAL Nature 409:839-41 (2001) DOI:10.1038/35057024 REFERENCE PMID:11252968 AUTHORS Chen YA, Scheller RH. TITLE SNARE-mediated membrane fusion. JOURNAL Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2:98-106 (2001) DOI:10.1038/35052017 REFERENCE PMID:9763449 AUTHORS Seron K, Tieaho V, Prescianotto-Baschong C, Aust T, Blondel MO, Guillaud P, Devilliers G, Rossanese OW, Glick BS, Riezman H, Keranen S, Haguenauer-Tsapis R. TITLE A yeast t-SNARE involved in endocytosis. 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JOURNAL J Cell Biol 146:765-76 (1999) DOI:10.1083/jcb.146.4.765 REFERENCE PMID:12893879 AUTHORS Burri L, Varlamov O, Doege CA, Hofmann K, Beilharz T, Rothman JE, Sollner TH, Lithgow T. TITLE A SNARE required for retrograde transport to the endoplasmic reticulum. JOURNAL Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:9873-7 (2003) DOI:10.1073/pnas.1734000100 REFERENCE PMID:10085287 AUTHORS Chao DS, Hay JC, Winnick S, Prekeris R, Klumperman J, Scheller RH. TITLE SNARE membrane trafficking dynamics in vivo. JOURNAL J Cell Biol 144:869-81 (1999) DOI:10.1083/jcb.144.5.869 REFERENCE PMID:10397773 AUTHORS Coe JG, Lim AC, Xu J, Hong W. TITLE A role for Tlg1p in the transport of proteins within the Golgi apparatus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JOURNAL Mol Biol Cell 10:2407-23 (1999) DOI:10.1091/mbc.10.7.2407 REFERENCE PMID:11445562 AUTHORS Dilcher M, Kohler B, von Mollard GF. TITLE Genetic interactions with the yeast Q-SNARE VTI1 reveal novel functions for the R-SNARE YKT6. 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JOURNAL Mol Biol Cell 10:2251-64 (1999) DOI:10.1091/mbc.10.7.2251 KO_PATHWAY ko04130 /// ENTRY C00099 Compound NAME beta-Alanine; 3-Aminopropionic acid; 3-Aminopropanoate FORMULA C3H7NO2 EXACT_MASS 89.0477 MOL_WEIGHT 89.09 REMARK Same as: D07561 REACTION R00489 R00904 R00905 R00906 R00907 R00908 R00909 R00910 R00911 R00912 R00913 R00914 R00915 R00916 R00917 R01164 R01166 R02473 R02474 R02741 R03286 R03288 R03935 R09379 R09648 R10821 PATHWAY map00240 Pyrimidine metabolism map00410 beta-Alanine metabolism map00640 Propanoate metabolism map00770 Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis map01100 Metabolic pathways map01110 Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites map01240 Biosynthesis of cofactors map04080 Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction map04974 Protein digestion and absorption MODULE M00046 Pyrimidine degradation, uracil => beta-alanine, thymine => 3-aminoisobutanoate M00119 Pantothenate biosynthesis, valine/L-aspartate => pantothenate M00913 Pantothenate biosynthesis, 2-oxoisovalerate/spermine => pantothenate ENZYME 1.2.1.3 1.2.1.5 1.2.1.19 1.5.1.26 2.6.1.18 2.6.1.19 2.6.1.55 2.6.1.120 2.8.3.- 3.4.13.4 3.4.13.5 3.4.13.18 3.4.13.20 3.5.1.6 3.5.1.21 3.5.1.22 3.5.1.100 3.5.3.17 4.1.1.11 4.1.1.15 6.3.2.1 6.3.2.11 6.3.2.23 6.3.2.36 6.3.2.44 BRITE Compounds with biological roles [BR:br08001] Peptides Amino acids Other amino acids C00099 beta-Alanine Amines Biogenic amines C00099 beta-Alanine DBLINKS CAS: 107-95-9 PubChem: 3399 ChEBI: 16958 KNApSAcK: C00001333 PDB-CCD: BAL J-GLOBAL: J4.070C ATOM 6 1 C1b C 25.6778 -16.8919 2 C6a C 24.4732 -16.1936 3 C1b C 26.8940 -16.1936 4 O6a O 23.2571 -16.8978 5 O6a O 24.4732 -14.7912 6 N1a N 28.1045 -16.8919 BOND 5 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 2 4 1 4 2 5 2 5 3 6 1 ///