ENTRY hsa00920 Pathway NAME Sulfur metabolism - Homo sapiens (human) DESCRIPTION Sulfur is an essential element for life and the metabolism of organic sulfur compounds plays an important role in the global sulfur cycle. Sulfur occurs in various oxidation states ranging from +6 in sulfate to -2 in sulfide (H2S). Sulfate reduction can occur in both an energy consuming assimilatory pathway and an energy producing dissimilatory pathway. The assimilatory pathway, which is found in a wide range of organisms, produces reduced sulfur compounds for the biosynthesis of S-containing amino acids and does not lead to direct excretion of sulfide. In the dissimilatory pathway, which is restricted to obligatory anaerobic bacterial and archaeal lineages, sulfate (or sulfur) is the terminal electron acceptor of the respiratory chain producing large quantities of inorganic sulfide. Both pathways start from the activation of sulfate by reaction with ATP to form adenylyl sulfate (APS). In the assimilatory pathway [MD:M00176] APS is converted to 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate (PAPS) and then reduced to sulfite, and sulfite is further reduced to sulfide by the assimilatory sulfite reductase. In the dissimilatory pathway [MD:M00596] APS is directly reduced to sulfite, and sulfite is further reduced to sulfide by the dissimilatory sulfite reductase. The capacity for oxidation of sulfur is quite widespread among bacteria and archaea, comprising phototrophs and chemolithoautotrophs. The SOX (sulfur-oxidation) system [MD:M00595] is a well-known sulfur oxidation pathway and is found in both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Green sulfur bacteria and purple sulfur bacteria carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis with reduced sulfur compounds such as sulfide and elemental sulfur, as well as thiosulfate (in some species with the SOX system), as the electron donor for photoautotrophic growth. In some chemolithoautotrophic sulfur oxidizers (such as Thiobacillus denitrificans), it has been suggested that dissimilatory sulfur reduction enzymes operate in the reverse direction, forming a sulfur oxidation pathway from sulfite to APS and then to sulfate. CLASS Metabolism; Energy metabolism PATHWAY_MAP hsa00920 Sulfur metabolism DBLINKS GO: 0006790 ORGANISM Homo sapiens (human) [GN:hsa] GENE 10380 BPNT1; 3'(2'),5'-bisphosphate nucleotidase 1 isoform 1 [KO:K01082] [EC:3.1.3.7] 23474 ETHE1; persulfide dioxygenase ETHE1, mitochondrial isoform 1 [KO:K17725] [EC:1.13.11.18] 4357 MPST; 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase isoform 2 [KO:K01011] [EC:2.8.1.1 2.8.1.2] 54928 BPNT2; Golgi-resident adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate 3'-phosphatase [KO:K15759] [EC:3.1.3.7] 58472 SQOR; sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase, mitochondrial [KO:K22470] [EC:1.8.5.8] 6821 SUOX; sulfite oxidase, mitochondrial [KO:K00387] [EC:1.8.3.1] 7263 TST; thiosulfate sulfurtransferase [KO:K01011] [EC:2.8.1.1 2.8.1.2] 8991 SELENBP1; methanethiol oxidase isoform 1 [KO:K17285] [EC:1.8.3.4] 9060 PAPSS2; bifunctional 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 2 isoform a [KO:K13811] [EC:2.7.7.4 2.7.1.25] 9061 PAPSS1; bifunctional 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 1 [KO:K13811] [EC:2.7.7.4 2.7.1.25] COMPOUND C00033 Acetate C00042 Succinate C00053 3'-Phosphoadenylyl sulfate C00054 Adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate C00059 Sulfate C00065 L-Serine C00073 L-Methionine C00084 Acetaldehyde C00087 Sulfur C00094 Sulfite C00097 L-Cysteine C00155 L-Homocysteine C00163 Propanoate C00224 Adenylyl sulfate C00245 Taurine C00263 L-Homoserine C00283 Hydrogen sulfide C00320 Thiosulfate C00409 Methanethiol C00511 Acrylic acid C00580 Dimethyl sulfide C00894 Propenoyl-CoA C00979 O-Acetyl-L-serine C01013 3-Hydroxypropanoate C01118 O-Succinyl-L-homoserine C01180 4-Methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid C01861 Trithionate C02084 Tetrathionate C03172 S-Methyl-L-methionine C03920 2-(Methylthio)ethanesulfonate C04022 S,S-Dimethyl-beta-propiothetin C08276 3-(Methylthio)propanoate C11142 Dimethyl sulfone C11143 Dimethyl sulfoxide C11145 Methanesulfonic acid C15521 Alkanesulfonate C17267 S-Sulfanylglutathione C19692 Polysulfide C20870 3-(Methylthio)propanoyl-CoA C20955 3-(Methylthio)acryloyl-CoA C22315 (2R)-2-Hydroxy-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoate C22316 (2R)-4-(Dimethylsulfaniumyl)-2-hydroxybutanoate C22834 Protein-trisulfide C23001 3-Aminopropyl(dimethyl)sulfanium C23002 3-Dimethylsulfoniopropionaldehyde REFERENCE PMID:22982583 AUTHORS Grein F, Ramos AR, Venceslau SS, Pereira IA TITLE Unifying concepts in anaerobic respiration: Insights from dissimilatory sulfur metabolism. JOURNAL Biochim Biophys Acta 1827:145-60 (2013) DOI:10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.09.001 REFERENCE PMID:22633058 AUTHORS Fauque GD, Barton LL TITLE Hemoproteins in dissimilatory sulfate- and sulfur-reducing prokaryotes. JOURNAL Adv Microb Physiol 60:1-90 (2012) DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-398264-3.00001-2 REFERENCE PMID:20143161 AUTHORS Sakurai H, Ogawa T, Shiga M, Inoue K TITLE Inorganic sulfur oxidizing system in green sulfur bacteria. JOURNAL Photosynth Res 104:163-76 (2010) DOI:10.1007/s11120-010-9531-2 REFERENCE PMID:22092713 AUTHORS Falkenby LG, Szymanska M, Holkenbrink C, Habicht KS, Andersen JS, Miller M, Frigaard NU TITLE Quantitative proteomics of Chlorobaculum tepidum: insights into the sulfur metabolism of a phototrophic green sulfur bacterium. JOURNAL FEMS Microbiol Lett 323:142-50 (2011) DOI:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02370.x REFERENCE PMID:21833341 AUTHORS Gregersen LH, Bryant DA, Frigaard NU TITLE Mechanisms and evolution of oxidative sulfur metabolism in green sulfur bacteria. JOURNAL Front Microbiol 2:116 (2011) DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2011.00116 REFERENCE PMID:16452431 AUTHORS Beller HR, Chain PS, Letain TE, Chakicherla A, Larimer FW, Richardson PM, Coleman MA, Wood AP, Kelly DP. TITLE The genome sequence of the obligately chemolithoautotrophic, facultatively anaerobic bacterium Thiobacillus denitrificans. JOURNAL J Bacteriol 188:1473-88 (2006) DOI:10.1128/JB.188.4.1473-1488.2006 REFERENCE PMID:9695921 AUTHORS Pott AS, Dahl C TITLE Sirohaem sulfite reductase and other proteins encoded by genes at the dsr locus of Chromatium vinosum are involved in the oxidation of intracellular sulfur. JOURNAL Microbiology 144 ( Pt 7):1881-94 (1998) DOI:10.1099/00221287-144-7-1881 REFERENCE PMID:18929068 AUTHORS Frigaard NU, Dahl C TITLE Sulfur metabolism in phototrophic sulfur bacteria. JOURNAL Adv Microb Physiol 54:103-200 (2009) DOI:10.1016/S0065-2911(08)00002-7 REL_PATHWAY hsa00260 Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism hsa00270 Cysteine and methionine metabolism hsa00640 Propanoate metabolism KO_PATHWAY ko00920 ///