ENTRY hsa00010 Pathway NAME Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis - Homo sapiens (human) DESCRIPTION Glycolysis is the process of converting glucose into pyruvate and generating small amounts of ATP (energy) and NADH (reducing power). It is a central pathway that produces important precursor metabolites: six-carbon compounds of glucose-6P and fructose-6P and three-carbon compounds of glycerone-P, glyceraldehyde-3P, glycerate-3P, phosphoenolpyruvate, and pyruvate [MD:M00001]. Acetyl-CoA, another important precursor metabolite, is produced by oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate [MD:M00307]. When the enzyme genes of this pathway are examined in completely sequenced genomes, the reaction steps of three-carbon compounds from glycerone-P to pyruvate form a conserved core module [MD:M00002], which is found in almost all organisms and which sometimes contains operon structures in bacterial genomes. Gluconeogenesis is a synthesis pathway of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors. It is essentially a reversal of glycolysis with minor variations of alternative paths [MD:M00003]. CLASS Metabolism; Carbohydrate metabolism PATHWAY_MAP hsa00010 Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis MODULE hsa_M00001 Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof pathway), glucose => pyruvate [PATH:hsa00010] hsa_M00002 Glycolysis, core module involving three-carbon compounds [PATH:hsa00010] hsa_M00003 Gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate => fructose-6P [PATH:hsa00010] hsa_M00307 Pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate => acetyl-CoA [PATH:hsa00010] NETWORK ELEMENT N00731 Glycolysis DRUG D00123 Cyanamide (JP18) D00131 Disulfiram (JP18/USP/INN) D07257 Lonidamine (INN) D08970 Piragliatin (USAN) D11342 Dorzagliatin (USAN) D11408 Mitapivat sulfate (USAN) D12320 Cadisegliatin (USAN) D12362 Etavopivat (USAN/INN) DBLINKS GO: 0006096 0006094 ORGANISM Homo sapiens (human) [GN:hsa] GENE 3101 HK3; hexokinase 3 [KO:K00844] [EC:2.7.1.1] 3098 HK1; hexokinase 1 [KO:K00844] [EC:2.7.1.1] 3099 HK2; hexokinase 2 [KO:K00844] [EC:2.7.1.1] 80201 HKDC1; hexokinase domain containing 1 [KO:K00844] [EC:2.7.1.1] 2645 GCK; glucokinase [KO:K12407] [EC:2.7.1.2] 2821 GPI; glucose-6-phosphate isomerase [KO:K01810] [EC:5.3.1.9] 5213 PFKM; phosphofructokinase, muscle [KO:K00850] [EC:2.7.1.11] 5214 PFKP; phosphofructokinase, platelet [KO:K00850] [EC:2.7.1.11] 5211 PFKL; phosphofructokinase, liver type [KO:K00850] [EC:2.7.1.11] 2203 FBP1; fructose-bisphosphatase 1 [KO:K03841] [EC:3.1.3.11] 8789 FBP2; fructose-bisphosphatase 2 [KO:K03841] [EC:3.1.3.11] 230 ALDOC; aldolase, fructose-bisphosphate C [KO:K01623] [EC:4.1.2.13] 226 ALDOA; aldolase, fructose-bisphosphate A [KO:K01623] [EC:4.1.2.13] 229 ALDOB; aldolase, fructose-bisphosphate B [KO:K01623] [EC:4.1.2.13] 7167 TPI1; triosephosphate isomerase 1 [KO:K01803] [EC:5.3.1.1] 2597 GAPDH; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [KO:K00134] [EC:1.2.1.12] 26330 GAPDHS; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, spermatogenic [KO:K10705] [EC:1.2.1.12] 5232 PGK2; phosphoglycerate kinase 2 [KO:K00927] [EC:2.7.2.3] 5230 PGK1; phosphoglycerate kinase 1 [KO:K00927] [EC:2.7.2.3] 5223 PGAM1; phosphoglycerate mutase 1 [KO:K01834] [EC:5.4.2.11] 5224 PGAM2; phosphoglycerate mutase 2 [KO:K01834] [EC:5.4.2.11] 441531 PGAM4; phosphoglycerate mutase family member 4 [KO:K01834] [EC:5.4.2.11] 2027 ENO3; enolase 3 [KO:K01689] [EC:4.2.1.11] 2026 ENO2; enolase 2 [KO:K01689] [EC:4.2.1.11] 2023 ENO1; enolase 1 [KO:K01689] [EC:4.2.1.11] 387712 ENO4; enolase 4 [KO:K27394] [EC:4.2.1.11] 5315 PKM; pyruvate kinase M1/2 [KO:K00873] [EC:2.7.1.40] 5313 PKLR; pyruvate kinase L/R [KO:K12406] [EC:2.7.1.40] 5161 PDHA2; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit alpha 2 [KO:K00161] [EC:1.2.4.1] 5160 PDHA1; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit alpha 1 [KO:K00161] [EC:1.2.4.1] 5162 PDHB; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit beta [KO:K00162] [EC:1.2.4.1] 1737 DLAT; dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase [KO:K00627] [EC:2.3.1.12] 1738 DLD; dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase [KO:K00382] [EC:1.8.1.4] 160287 LDHAL6A; lactate dehydrogenase A like 6A [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27] 92483 LDHAL6B; lactate dehydrogenase A like 6B [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27] 3939 LDHA; lactate dehydrogenase A [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27] 3945 LDHB; lactate dehydrogenase B [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27] 3948 LDHC; lactate dehydrogenase C [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27] 124 ADH1A; alcohol dehydrogenase 1A (class I), alpha polypeptide [KO:K13951] [EC:1.1.1.1] 125 ADH1B; alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (class I), beta polypeptide [KO:K13951] [EC:1.1.1.1] 126 ADH1C; alcohol dehydrogenase 1C (class I), gamma polypeptide [KO:K13951] [EC:1.1.1.1] 131 ADH7; alcohol dehydrogenase 7 (class IV), mu or sigma polypeptide [KO:K13951] [EC:1.1.1.1] 127 ADH4; alcohol dehydrogenase 4 (class II), pi polypeptide [KO:K13980] [EC:1.1.1.1] 128 ADH5; alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (class III), chi polypeptide [KO:K00121] [EC:1.1.1.284 1.1.1.1] 130 ADH6; alcohol dehydrogenase 6 (class V) [KO:K13952] [EC:1.1.1.1] 10327 AKR1A1; aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1 [KO:K00002] [EC:1.1.1.2] 217 ALDH2; aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family member [KO:K00128] [EC:1.2.1.3] 224 ALDH3A2; aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member A2 [KO:K00128] [EC:1.2.1.3] 219 ALDH1B1; aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member B1 [KO:K00128] [EC:1.2.1.3] 501 ALDH7A1; aldehyde dehydrogenase 7 family member A1 [KO:K14085] [EC:1.2.1.31 1.2.1.8 1.2.1.3] 223 ALDH9A1; aldehyde dehydrogenase 9 family member A1 [KO:K00149] [EC:1.2.1.47 1.2.1.3] 221 ALDH3B1; aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member B1 [KO:K00129] [EC:1.2.1.5] 222 ALDH3B2; aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member B2 [KO:K00129] [EC:1.2.1.5] 218 ALDH3A1; aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member A1 [KO:K00129] [EC:1.2.1.5] 84532 ACSS1; acyl-CoA synthetase short chain family member 1 [KO:K01895] [EC:6.2.1.1] 55902 ACSS2; acyl-CoA synthetase short chain family member 2 [KO:K01895] [EC:6.2.1.1] 130589 GALM; galactose mutarotase [KO:K01785] [EC:5.1.3.3] 5236 PGM1; phosphoglucomutase 1 [KO:K01835] [EC:5.4.2.2] 55276 PGM2; phosphoglucomutase 2 [KO:K15779] [EC:5.4.2.2 5.4.2.7] 2538 G6PC1; glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1 [KO:K01084] [EC:3.1.3.9] 57818 G6PC2; glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 2 [KO:K01084] [EC:3.1.3.9] 92579 G6PC3; glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 3 [KO:K01084] [EC:3.1.3.9] 83440 ADPGK; ADP dependent glucokinase [KO:K08074] [EC:2.7.1.147] 669 BPGM; bisphosphoglycerate mutase [KO:K01837] [EC:5.4.2.4 5.4.2.11] 9562 MINPP1; multiple inositol-polyphosphate phosphatase 1 [KO:K03103] [EC:3.1.3.62 3.1.3.80] 5105 PCK1; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 [KO:K01596] [EC:4.1.1.32] 5106 PCK2; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2, mitochondrial [KO:K01596] [EC:4.1.1.32] COMPOUND C00022 Pyruvate C00024 Acetyl-CoA C00031 D-Glucose C00033 Acetate C00036 Oxaloacetate C00068 Thiamin diphosphate C00074 Phosphoenolpyruvate C00084 Acetaldehyde C00085 D-Fructose 6-phosphate C00103 D-Glucose 1-phosphate C00111 Glycerone phosphate C00118 D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate C00186 (S)-Lactate C00197 3-Phospho-D-glycerate C00221 beta-D-Glucose C00236 3-Phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate C00267 alpha-D-Glucose C00354 D-Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate C00469 Ethanol C00631 2-Phospho-D-glycerate C00668 alpha-D-Glucose 6-phosphate C01159 2,3-Bisphospho-D-glycerate C01172 beta-D-Glucose 6-phosphate C01451 Salicin C05125 2-(alpha-Hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphate C06186 Arbutin C06187 Arbutin 6-phosphate C06188 Salicin 6-phosphate C15972 Enzyme N6-(lipoyl)lysine C15973 Enzyme N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine C16255 [Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase] S-acetyldihydrolipoyllysine REFERENCE AUTHORS Nishizuka Y (ed). TITLE [Metabolic Maps] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Tokyo Kagaku Dojin (1980) REFERENCE AUTHORS Nishizuka Y, Seyama Y, Ikai A, Ishimura Y, Kawaguchi A (eds). TITLE [Cellular Functions and Metabolic Maps] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Tokyo Kagaku Dojin (1997) REFERENCE AUTHORS Michal G. TITLE Biochemical Pathways JOURNAL Wiley (1999) REL_PATHWAY hsa00020 Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) hsa00030 Pentose phosphate pathway hsa00500 Starch and sucrose metabolism hsa00620 Pyruvate metabolism hsa00640 Propanoate metabolism KO_PATHWAY ko00010 ///