ENTRY ko05230 Pathway NAME Central carbon metabolism in cancer DESCRIPTION Malignant transformation of cells requires specific adaptations of cellular metabolism to support growth and survival. In the early twentieth century, Otto Warburg established that there are fundamental differences in the central metabolic pathways operating in malignant tissue. He showed that cancer cells consume a large amount of glucose, maintain high rate of glycolysis and convert a majority of glucose into lactic acid even under normal oxygen concentrations (Warburg's Effects). More recently, it has been recognized that the 'Warburg effect' encompasses a similarly increased utilization of glutamine. From the intermediate molecules provided by enhanced glycolysis and glutaminolysis, cancer cells synthesize most of the macromolecules required for the duplication of their biomass and genome. These cancer-specific alterations represent a major consequence of genetic mutations and the ensuing changes of signalling pathways in cancer cells. Three transcription factors, c-MYC, HIF-1 and p53, are key regulators and coordinate regulation of cancer metabolism in different ways, and many other oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes cluster along the signaling pathways that regulate c-MYC, HIF-1 and p53. CLASS Human Diseases; Cancer: overview PATHWAY_MAP ko05230 Central carbon metabolism in cancer ORTHOLOGY K07299 MFS transporter, SP family, solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1 K07593 MFS transporter, SP family, solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 2 K12407 glucokinase [EC:2.7.1.2] K00873 pyruvate kinase [EC:2.7.1.40] K00161 pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha [EC:1.2.4.1] K00162 pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta [EC:1.2.4.1] K12077 pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoform 1 [EC:2.7.11.2] K04451 tumor protein p53 K23755 protein SCO2 K05616 solute carrier family 1 (neutral amino acid transporter), member 5 K11413 NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin 3 [EC:2.3.1.286] K08180 MFS transporter, MCT family, solute carrier family 16 (monocarboxylic acid transporters), member 3 K11416 NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin 6 [EC:2.3.1.286] K04377 Myc proto-oncogene protein K08268 hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha K05091 proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Kit [EC:2.7.10.1] K05099 proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Met [EC:2.7.10.1] K05126 proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Ret [EC:2.7.10.1] K04361 epidermal growth factor receptor [EC:2.7.10.1] K05083 receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 [EC:2.7.10.1] K03176 neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1 [EC:2.7.10.1] K05101 neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor type 3 [EC:2.7.10.1] K04363 platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha [EC:2.7.10.1] K05089 platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta [EC:2.7.10.1] K04362 fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 [EC:2.7.10.1] K05093 fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 [EC:2.7.10.1] K05094 fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 [EC:2.7.10.1] K05092 fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 [EC:2.7.10.1] K02833 GTPase HRas K07827 GTPase KRas K07828 GTPase NRas K04366 RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase [EC:2.7.11.1] K04368 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [EC:2.7.12.2] K04369 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [EC:2.7.12.2] K04371 mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/3 [EC:2.7.11.24] K01425 glutaminase [EC:3.5.1.2] K00036 glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.49 1.1.1.363] K00844 hexokinase [EC:2.7.1.1] K00850 6-phosphofructokinase 1 [EC:2.7.1.11] K01834 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase [EC:5.4.2.11] K00016 L-lactate dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.27] K00031 isocitrate dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.42] K14634 fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase [EC:3.1.3.46] K01110 phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67] K00922 phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha/beta/delta [EC:2.7.1.153] K02649 phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha/beta/delta K04456 RAC serine/threonine-protein kinase [EC:2.7.11.1] K07203 serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR [EC:2.7.11.1] K13780 solute carrier family 7 (L-type amino acid transporter), member 5 COMPOUND C00022 Pyruvate C00024 Acetyl-CoA C00025 L-Glutamate C00026 2-Oxoglutarate C00031 D-Glucose C00036 Oxaloacetate C00037 Glycine C00041 L-Alanine C00042 Succinate C00049 L-Aspartate C00062 L-Arginine C00064 L-Glutamine C00065 L-Serine C00073 L-Methionine C00074 Phosphoenolpyruvate C00078 L-Tryptophan C00079 L-Phenylalanine C00082 L-Tyrosine C00085 D-Fructose 6-phosphate C00092 D-Glucose 6-phosphate C00097 L-Cysteine C00122 Fumarate C00123 L-Leucine C00135 L-Histidine C00148 L-Proline C00149 (S)-Malate C00152 L-Asparagine C00158 Citrate C00183 L-Valine C00186 (S)-Lactate C00197 3-Phospho-D-glycerate C00311 Isocitrate C00354 D-Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate C00407 L-Isoleucine C00631 2-Phospho-D-glycerate C00665 beta-D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate C00704 Superoxide REFERENCE PMID:23279446 AUTHORS Soga T TITLE Cancer metabolism: key players in metabolic reprogramming. 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JOURNAL Nat Med 20:24-5 (2014) DOI:10.1038/nm.3438 REFERENCE PMID:15916903 AUTHORS Fuchs BC, Bode BP TITLE Amino acid transporters ASCT2 and LAT1 in cancer: partners in crime? JOURNAL Semin Cancer Biol 15:254-66 (2005) DOI:10.1016/j.semcancer.2005.04.005 REL_PATHWAY ko00010 Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis ko00020 Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) ko00030 Pentose phosphate pathway ko00190 Oxidative phosphorylation ko00250 Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism ko00260 Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism ko00330 Arginine and proline metabolism ko01212 Fatty acid metabolism ko04010 MAPK signaling pathway ko04066 HIF-1 signaling pathway ko04150 mTOR signaling pathway ko04151 PI3K-Akt signaling pathway ///