ENTRY ko05203 Pathway NAME Viral carcinogenesis DESCRIPTION There is a strong association between viruses and the development of human malignancies. We now know that at least six human viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human papilloma virus (HPV), human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) and Kaposi's associated sarcoma virus (KSHV) contribute to 10-15% of the cancers worldwide. Via expression of many potent oncoproteins, these tumor viruses promote an aberrant cell-proliferation via modulating cellular cell-signaling pathways and escape from cellular defense system such as blocking apoptosis. Human tumor virus oncoproteins can also disrupt pathways that are necessary for the maintenance of the integrity of host cellular genome. Viruses that encode such activities can contribute to initiation as well as progression of human cancers. CLASS Human Diseases; Cancer: overview PATHWAY_MAP ko05203 Viral carcinogenesis DRUG D06555 Amolimogene bepiplasmid (USAN) D06666 Verpasep caltespen (USAN/INN) D12744 Ravidasvir (USAN/INN) D12745 Ravidasvir hydrochloride (USAN) ORTHOLOGY K00873 PK, pyk; pyruvate kinase [EC:2.7.1.40] K00922 PIK3CA_B_D; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha/beta/delta [EC:2.7.1.153] K02087 CDK1, CDC2; cyclin-dependent kinase 1 [EC:2.7.11.22 2.7.11.23] K02089 CDK4; cyclin-dependent kinase 4 [EC:2.7.11.22] K02091 CDK6; cyclin-dependent kinase 6 [EC:2.7.11.22] K02146 ATPeV0D, ATP6D; V-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit d K02158 BAD; Bcl-2-antagonist of cell death K02159 BAX; apoptosis regulator BAX K02187 CASP3; caspase 3 [EC:3.4.22.56] K02206 CDK2; cyclin-dependent kinase 2 [EC:2.7.11.22] K02216 CHEK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase CHEK1 [EC:2.7.11.1] K02330 POLB; DNA polymerase beta [EC:2.7.7.7 4.2.99.-] K02580 NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit K02649 PIK3R1_2_3; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha/beta/delta K02833 HRAS; GTPase HRas K03062 PSMC1, RPT2; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit T2 K03120 TBP; transcription initiation factor TFIID TATA-box-binding protein K03122 TFIIA1, GTF2A1, TOA1; transcription initiation factor TFIIA large subunit K03123 TFIIA2, GTF2A2, TOA2; transcription initiation factor TFIIA small subunit K03124 TFIIB, GTF2B, SUA7, tfb; transcription initiation factor TFIIB K03136 TFIIE1, GTF2E1, TFA1, tfe; transcription initiation factor TFIIE subunit alpha K03137 TFIIE2, GTF2E2, TFA2; transcription initiation factor TFIIE subunit beta K03141 TFIIH1, GTF2H1, TFB1; transcription initiation factor TFIIH subunit 1 K03142 TFIIH2, GTF2H2, SSL1; transcription initiation factor TFIIH subunit 2 K03143 TFIIH3, GTF2H3, TFB4; transcription initiation factor TFIIH subunit 3 K03144 TFIIH4, GTF2H4, TFB2; transcription initiation factor TFIIH subunit 4 K03159 TNFRSF3, LTBR; lymphotoxin beta receptor TNFR superfamily member 3 K03171 TRADD; tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein K03172 TRAF1; TNF receptor-associated factor 1 K03173 TRAF2; TNF receptor-associated factor 2 [EC:2.3.2.27] K03174 TRAF3; TNF receptor-associated factor 3 K03363 CDC20; cell division cycle 20, cofactor of APC complex K03875 SKP2, FBXL1; F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 1 (S-phase kinase-associated protein 2) K03990 C3; complement component 3 K04178 CCR3, CD193; C-C chemokine receptor type 3 K04179 CCR4, CD194; C-C chemokine receptor type 4 K04180 CCR5, CD195; C-C chemokine receptor type 5 K04183 CCR8, CDw198; C-C chemokine receptor type 8 K04345 PKA; protein kinase A [EC:2.7.11.11] K04364 GRB2; growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 K04371 ERK, MAPK1_3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/3 [EC:2.7.11.24] K04374 ATF4, CREB2; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 K04378 SRF; serum response factor K04392 RAC1; Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 K04393 CDC42; cell division control protein 42 K04398 CASP8; caspase 8 [EC:3.4.22.61] K04443 MAPKAPK2; mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 [EC:2.7.11.1] K04448 JUN; transcription factor AP-1 K04450 ATF2, CREBP1; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2 K04451 TP53, P53; tumor protein p53 K04469 NFKB2; nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 2 K04498 EP300, CREBBP, KAT3; E1A/CREB-binding protein [EC:2.3.1.48] K04503 CCND1; G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 K04513 RHOA; Ras homolog gene family, member A K04681 RBL1; retinoblastoma-like protein 1 K04685 CDKN2B, P15, INK4B; cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B K04692 STAT3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 K04693 IRF9, ISGF3G, P48; interferon regulatory factor 9 K04734 NFKBIA; NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha K04735 RELA; transcription factor p65 K05060 IL6ST, GP130, CD130; interleukin 6 signal transducer K05411 IRF3; interferon regulatory factor 3 K05699 ACTN1_4; actinin alpha 1/4 K05704 SRC; tyrosine-protein kinase Src [EC:2.7.10.2] K05760 PXN; paxillin K05768 GSN; gelsolin K05854 LYN; tyrosine-protein kinase Lyn [EC:2.7.10.2] K05855 SYK; spleen tyrosine kinase [EC:2.7.10.2] K05870 CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 K06053 RBPSUH, RBPJK; recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless K06062 PCAF, KAT2, GCN5; histone acetyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.48] K06063 SNW1, SKIIP, SKIP; SNW domain-containing protein 1 K06067 HDAC1_2; histone deacetylase 1/2 [EC:3.5.1.98] K06618 RB1; retinoblastoma-associated protein K06621 CDKN2A, P16, INK4A; cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A K06624 CDKN1B, P27, KIP1; cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B K06625 CDKN1A, P21, CIP1; cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A K06626 CCNE; G1/S-specific cyclin-E1 K06627 CCNA; cyclin-A K06630 YWHAE; 14-3-3 protein epsilon K06643 MDM2; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 [EC:2.3.2.27] K06679 MAD1; mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD1 K06751 MHC1; MHC class I antigen K07210 IKBKG, IKKG, NEMO; inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit gamma K07827 KRAS, KRAS2; GTPase KRas K07828 NRAS; GTPase NRas K08053 RASA2, GAP1M; Ras GTPase-activating protein 2 K08665 HPN; hepsin [EC:3.4.21.106] K09047 CREB5, CREBPA; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 K09048 CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 K09049 ATF6B, CREBL1; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 beta K09254 REL; c-Rel proto-oncogene protein K09447 IRF7; interferon regulatory factor 7 K09504 DNAJA3; DnaJ homolog subfamily A member 3 K09849 TRAF5; TNF receptor-associated factor 5 K10131 PMAIP1, NOXA; phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 K10151 CCND2; G1/S-specific cyclin-D2 K10152 CCND3; G1/S-specific cyclin-D3 K10587 UBE3A, E6AP; ubiquitin-protein ligase E3 A [EC:2.3.2.26] K10610 DDB1; DNA damage-binding protein 1 K10691 UBR4, ZUBR1; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UBR4 [EC:2.3.2.27] K11217 JAK1; Janus kinase 1 [EC:2.7.10.2] K11218 JAK3; Janus kinase 3 [EC:2.7.10.2] K11223 STAT5A; signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A K11224 STAT5B; signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B K11252 H2B; histone H2B K11254 H4; histone H4 K11404 HDAC3; histone deacetylase 3 [EC:3.5.1.98] K11405 HDAC8; histone deacetylase 8 [EC:3.5.1.98] K11406 HDAC4_5; histone deacetylase 4/5 [EC:3.5.1.98] K11407 HDAC6; histone deacetylase 6 [EC:3.5.1.98] K11408 HDAC7; histone deacetylase 7 [EC:3.5.1.98] K11409 HDAC9; histone deacetylase 9 [EC:3.5.1.98] K11418 HDAC11; histone deacetylase 11 [EC:3.5.1.98] K11594 DDX3X, bel; ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX3X [EC:5.6.2.7] K11643 CHD4, MI2B; chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 4 [EC:5.6.2.-] K11838 USP7, UBP15; ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 7 [EC:3.4.19.12] K12076 DLG1; disks large protein 1 K12496 EGR2; early growth response protein 2 K12497 EGR3; early growth response protein 3 K12886 HNRNPK; heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K K14021 BAK, BAK1; Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer K15041 VDAC3; voltage-dependent anion channel protein 3 K15305 VAC14, TAX1BP2; vacuole morphology and inheritance protein 14 K15306 RANBP1; Ran-binding protein 1 K15413 SP100; nuclear body protein Sp100 K15979 SND1; staphylococcal nuclease domain-containing protein 1 K16174 MRPS18B, MRPS18-2; small subunit ribosomal protein S18b, mitochondrial K16175 SCRIB; protein scribble K16195 EIF2AK2; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2 [EC:2.7.11.1] K16197 YWHAB_Q_Z; 14-3-3 protein beta/theta/zeta K16198 YWHAG_H; 14-3-3 protein gamma/eta K16332 RBL2; retinoblastoma-like protein 2 K18671 HDAC10; histone deacetylase 10 [EC:3.5.1.98] K19456 EBNALP; Lymphocryptovirus nuclear antigen leader protein K19457 EBNA2; Lymphocryptovirus nuclear antigen 2 K19458 EBNA6, EBNA3C; Lymphocryptovirus nuclear antigen 6 K19459 LMP1; Lymphocryptovirus latent membrane protein 1 K19460 LMP2A; Lymphocryptovirus latent membrane protein 2A K19461 EBNA1, BKRF1; Lymphocryptovirus nuclear antigen 1 K21649 ORF4; KSHV complement control protein K21650 KIE1, ORF50; KSHV transcription activator ORF50 K21651 K15; KSHV signal transducing membrane protein K21652 vIRF3; KSHV interferon regulatory factor-like protein 3 K21653 vIRF1, K9; KSHV interferon regulatory factor-like protein 1 K21654 vIRF2, K11; KSHV interferon regulatory factor-like protein 2 K21656 K12; KSHV protein K12 K21657 K4; KSHV macrophage inflammatory protein 2 K21658 K4.1; KSHV protein vCCL3 K21659 K6; KSHV protein K6 K21660 vBCL2, ORF16; KSHV apoptosis regulator BCL2 homolog K21661 vIAP, K7; KSHV inhibitor of apoptosis protein K21662 vFLIP, K13, ORF71; KSHV FLICE inhibitory protein K21663 vCyclin, ORF72; KSHV cyclin homolog K21664 vLANA, ORF73; KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen K21665 MIR1, K3; KSHV E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MIR1 [EC:2.3.2.36] K21666 MIR2, K5; KSHV E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MIR2 [EC:2.3.2.36] K21667 vGPCR; KSHV G-protein coupled receptor K21669 K1; KSHV protein K1 K21670 vIL6, K2; KSHV interleukin 6 K21807 E6; Alphapapillomavirus protein E6 K21809 E7; Alphapapillomavirus protein E7 K21812 E5; Alphapapillomavirus protein E5 K21854 X; Orthohepadnavirus protein X K21855 EBNA3, EBNA3A; Lymphocryptovirus nuclear antigen 3 K21856 EBNA4, EBNA3B; Lymphocryptovirus nuclear antigen 4 K21857 tax; Deltaretrovirus protein Tax-1 K21858 vIRF4, K10; KSHV interferon regulatory factor-like protein 4 K21859 KIE2, ORF45; KSHV transcription activator ORF45 K21860 K14; KSHV OX-2 membrane glycoprotein K21861 ORF35; KSHV protein ORF35 K22271 Core; Hepatitis C virus core protein K22273 NS3; Hepatitis C virus serine protease / helicase NS3 [EC:3.4.21.98 3.6.1.15 5.6.2.6] K22275 NS5A; Hepatitis C virus non-structural protein 5A REFERENCE PMID:18201576 AUTHORS McLaughlin-Drubin ME, Munger K TITLE Viruses associated with human cancer. JOURNAL Biochim Biophys Acta 1782:127-50 (2008) DOI:10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.12.005 REFERENCE PMID:21102637 AUTHORS Moore PS, Chang Y TITLE Why do viruses cause cancer? Highlights of the first century of human tumour virology. JOURNAL Nat Rev Cancer 10:878-89 (2010) DOI:10.1038/nrc2961 REFERENCE PMID:19400863 AUTHORS Kalland KH, Ke XS, Oyan AM TITLE Tumour virology--history, status and future challenges. JOURNAL APMIS 117:382-99 (2009) DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0463.2009.02452.x REFERENCE PMID:17979705 AUTHORS Boccardo E, Villa LL TITLE Viral origins of human cancer. JOURNAL Curr Med Chem 14:2526-39 (2007) DOI:10.2174/092986707782023316 REFERENCE PMID:21084867 AUTHORS Saha A, Kaul R, Murakami M, Robertson ES TITLE Tumor viruses and cancer biology: Modulating signaling pathways for therapeutic intervention. JOURNAL Cancer Biol Ther 10:961-78 (2010) DOI:10.4161/cbt.10.10.13923 REFERENCE PMID:21152115 AUTHORS Zheng ZM TITLE Viral oncogenes, noncoding RNAs, and RNA splicing in human tumor viruses. JOURNAL Int J Biol Sci 6:730-55 (2010) DOI:10.7150/ijbs.6.730 REFERENCE PMID:19956178 AUTHORS Martin D, Gutkind JS TITLE Human tumor-associated viruses and new insights into the molecular mechanisms of cancer. JOURNAL Oncogene 27 Suppl 2:S31-42 (2008) DOI:10.1038/onc.2009.351 REFERENCE PMID:16459163 AUTHORS Zhang X, Zhang H, Ye L TITLE Effects of hepatitis B virus X protein on the development of liver cancer. JOURNAL J Lab Clin Med 147:58-66 (2006) DOI:10.1016/j.lab.2005.10.003 REFERENCE PMID:12686421 AUTHORS Panteva M, Korkaya H, Jameel S TITLE Hepatitis viruses and the MAPK pathway: is this a survival strategy? JOURNAL Virus Res 92:131-40 (2003) DOI:10.1016/S0168-1702(02)00356-8 REFERENCE PMID:21647825 AUTHORS Ng SA, Lee C TITLE Hepatitis B virus X gene and hepatocarcinogenesis. JOURNAL J Gastroenterol 46:974-90 (2011) DOI:10.1007/s00535-011-0415-9 REFERENCE PMID:21966251 AUTHORS Nishida N, Goel A TITLE Genetic and epigenetic signatures in human hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. JOURNAL Curr Genomics 12:130-7 (2011) DOI:10.2174/138920211795564359 REFERENCE PMID:19854353 AUTHORS Benhenda S, Cougot D, Buendia MA, Neuveut C TITLE Hepatitis B virus X protein molecular functions and its role in virus life cycle and pathogenesis. JOURNAL Adv Cancer Res 103:75-109 (2009) DOI:10.1016/S0065-230X(09)03004-8 REFERENCE PMID:18251977 AUTHORS Tan A, Yeh SH, Liu CJ, Cheung C, Chen PJ TITLE Viral hepatocarcinogenesis: from infection to cancer. JOURNAL Liver Int 28:175-88 (2008) DOI:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2007.01652.x REFERENCE PMID:9343405 AUTHORS Klein NP, Schneider RJ TITLE Activation of Src family kinases by hepatitis B virus HBx protein and coupled signaling to Ras. JOURNAL Mol Cell Biol 17:6427-36 (1997) DOI:10.1128/MCB.17.11.6427 REFERENCE PMID:16039586 AUTHORS Ding Q, Xia W, Liu JC, Yang JY, Lee DF, Xia J, Bartholomeusz G, Li Y, Pan Y, Li Z, Bargou RC, Qin J, Lai CC, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH, Hung MC TITLE Erk associates with and primes GSK-3beta for its inactivation resulting in upregulation of beta-catenin. JOURNAL Mol Cell 19:159-70 (2005) DOI:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.06.009 REFERENCE PMID:21994562 AUTHORS Benhenda S, Cougot D, Neuveut C, Buendia MA TITLE Liver cell transformation in chronic HBV infection. JOURNAL Viruses 1:630-46 (2009) DOI:10.3390/v1030630 REFERENCE PMID:11099494 AUTHORS Diao J, Khine AA, Sarangi F, Hsu E, Iorio C, Tibbles LA, Woodgett JR, Penninger J, Richardson CD TITLE X protein of hepatitis B virus inhibits Fas-mediated apoptosis and is associated with up-regulation of the SAPK/JNK pathway. JOURNAL J Biol Chem 276:8328-40 (2001) DOI:10.1074/jbc.M006026200 REFERENCE PMID:10824878 AUTHORS Arbuthnot P, Capovilla A, Kew M TITLE Putative role of hepatitis B virus X protein in hepatocarcinogenesis: effects on apoptosis, DNA repair, mitogen-activated protein kinase and JAK/STAT pathways. JOURNAL J Gastroenterol Hepatol 15:357-68 (2000) DOI:10.1046/j.1440-1746.2000.02069.x REFERENCE PMID:9837909 AUTHORS Gottlob K, Fulco M, Levrero M, Graessmann A TITLE The hepatitis B virus HBx protein inhibits caspase 3 activity. JOURNAL J Biol Chem 273:33347-53 (1998) DOI:10.1074/jbc.273.50.33347 REFERENCE PMID:15614436 AUTHORS Zhang JL, Zhao WG, Wu KL, Wang K, Zhang X, Gu CF, Li Y, Zhu Y, Wu JG TITLE Human hepatitis B virus X protein promotes cell proliferation and inhibits cell apoptosis through interacting with a serine protease Hepsin. JOURNAL Arch Virol 150:721-41 (2005) DOI:10.1007/s00705-004-0446-0 REFERENCE PMID:15105524 AUTHORS Cooray S TITLE The pivotal role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt signal transduction in virus survival. JOURNAL J Gen Virol 85:1065-76 (2004) DOI:10.1099/vir.0.19771-0 REFERENCE PMID:16939421 AUTHORS Mukherji A, Janbandhu VC, Kumar V TITLE HBx-dependent cell cycle deregulation involves interaction with cyclin E/A-cdk2 complex and destabilization of p27Kip1. JOURNAL Biochem J 401:247-56 (2007) DOI:10.1042/BJ20061091 REFERENCE PMID:15173177 AUTHORS Yoo YG, Lee MO TITLE Hepatitis B virus X protein induces expression of Fas ligand gene through enhancing transcriptional activity of early growth response factor. JOURNAL J Biol Chem 279:36242-9 (2004) DOI:10.1074/jbc.M401290200 REFERENCE PMID:11604508 AUTHORS Waris G, Huh KW, Siddiqui A TITLE Mitochondrially associated hepatitis B virus X protein constitutively activates transcription factors STAT-3 and NF-kappa B via oxidative stress. JOURNAL Mol Cell Biol 21:7721-30 (2001) DOI:10.1128/MCB.21.22.7721-7730.2001 REFERENCE PMID:17894800 AUTHORS Kasprzak A, Adamek A TITLE Role of hepatitis C virus proteins (C, NS3, NS5A) in hepatic oncogenesis. JOURNAL Hepatol Res 38:1-26 (2008) DOI:10.1111/j.1872-034X.2007.00261.x REFERENCE PMID:9882379 AUTHORS You LR, Chen CM, Lee YH TITLE Hepatitis C virus core protein enhances NF-kappaB signal pathway triggering by lymphotoxin-beta receptor ligand and tumor necrosis factor alpha. JOURNAL J Virol 73:1672-81 (1999) DOI:10.1128/JVI.73.2.1672-1681.1999 REFERENCE PMID:16581947 AUTHORS Sato Y, Kato J, Takimoto R, Takada K, Kawano Y, Miyanishi K, Kobune M, Sato Y, Takayama T, Matunaga T, Niitsu Y TITLE Hepatitis C virus core protein promotes proliferation of human hepatoma cells through enhancement of transforming growth factor alpha expression via activation of nuclear factor-kappaB. JOURNAL Gut 55:1801-8 (2006) DOI:10.1136/gut.2005.070417 REFERENCE PMID:14559998 AUTHORS Watashi K, Hijikata M, Tagawa A, Doi T, Marusawa H, Shimotohno K TITLE Modulation of retinoid signaling by a cytoplasmic viral protein via sequestration of Sp110b, a potent transcriptional corepressor of retinoic acid receptor, from the nucleus. JOURNAL Mol Cell Biol 23:7498-509 (2003) DOI:10.1128/MCB.23.21.7498-7509.2003 REFERENCE PMID:9651361 AUTHORS Hsieh TY, Matsumoto M, Chou HC, Schneider R, Hwang SB, Lee AS, Lai MM TITLE Hepatitis C virus core protein interacts with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K. JOURNAL J Biol Chem 273:17651-9 (1998) DOI:10.1074/jbc.273.28.17651 REFERENCE PMID:10873631 AUTHORS Wang F, Yoshida I, Takamatsu M, Ishido S, Fujita T, Oka K, Hotta H TITLE Complex formation between hepatitis C virus core protein and p21Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1. JOURNAL Biochem Biophys Res Commun 273:479-84 (2000) DOI:10.1006/bbrc.2000.2970 REFERENCE PMID:10074132 AUTHORS You LR, Chen CM, Yeh TS, Tsai TY, Mai RT, Lin CH, Lee YH TITLE Hepatitis C virus core protein interacts with cellular putative RNA helicase. JOURNAL J Virol 73:2841-53 (1999) DOI:10.1128/JVI.73.4.2841-2853.1999 REFERENCE PMID:10644344 AUTHORS Aoki H, Hayashi J, Moriyama M, Arakawa Y, Hino O TITLE Hepatitis C virus core protein interacts with 14-3-3 protein and activates the kinase Raf-1. JOURNAL J Virol 74:1736-41 (2000) DOI:10.1128/JVI.74.4.1736-1741.2000 REFERENCE PMID:17267064 AUTHORS Yan XB, Battaglia S, Boucreux D, Chen Z, Brechot C, Pavio N TITLE Mapping of the interacting domains of hepatitis C virus core protein and the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase PKR. JOURNAL Virus Res 125:79-87 (2007) DOI:10.1016/j.virusres.2006.12.010 REFERENCE PMID:9060639 AUTHORS Borowski P, Oehlmann K, Heiland M, Laufs R TITLE Nonstructural protein 3 of hepatitis C virus blocks the distribution of the free catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. JOURNAL J Virol 71:2838-43 (1997) DOI:10.1128/JVI.71.4.2838-2843.1997 REFERENCE PMID:10405893 AUTHORS Borowski P, Kuhl R, Laufs R, Schulze zur Wiesch J, Heiland M TITLE Identification and characterization of a histone binding site of the non-structural protein 3 of hepatitis C virus. JOURNAL J Clin Virol 13:61-9 (1999) DOI:10.1016/S1386-6532(99)00007-4 REFERENCE PMID:12101418 AUTHORS Lan KH, Sheu ML, Hwang SJ, Yen SH, Chen SY, Wu JC, Wang YJ, Kato N, Omata M, Chang FY, Lee SD TITLE HCV NS5A interacts with p53 and inhibits p53-mediated apoptosis. JOURNAL Oncogene 21:4801-11 (2002) DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1205589 REFERENCE PMID:12925958 AUTHORS Chung YL, Sheu ML, Yen SH TITLE Hepatitis C virus NS5A as a potential viral Bcl-2 homologue interacts with Bax and inhibits apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. JOURNAL Int J Cancer 107:65-73 (2003) DOI:10.1002/ijc.11303 REFERENCE PMID:10400746 AUTHORS Gale M Jr, Kwieciszewski B, Dossett M, Nakao H, Katze MG TITLE Antiapoptotic and oncogenic potentials of hepatitis C virus are linked to interferon resistance by viral repression of the PKR protein kinase. JOURNAL J Virol 73:6506-16 (1999) DOI:10.1128/JVI.73.8.6506-6516.1999 REFERENCE PMID:12186904 AUTHORS He Y, Nakao H, Tan SL, Polyak SJ, Neddermann P, Vijaysri S, Jacobs BL, Katze MG TITLE Subversion of cell signaling pathways by hepatitis C virus nonstructural 5A protein via interaction with Grb2 and P85 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. JOURNAL J Virol 76:9207-17 (2002) DOI:10.1128/JVI.76.18.9207-9217.2002 REFERENCE PMID:15795286 AUTHORS Street A, Macdonald A, McCormick C, Harris M TITLE Hepatitis C virus NS5A-mediated activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase results in stabilization of cellular beta-catenin and stimulation of beta-catenin-responsive transcription. JOURNAL J Virol 79:5006-16 (2005) DOI:10.1128/JVI.79.8.5006-5016.2005 REFERENCE PMID:11886269 AUTHORS Majumder M, Ghosh AK, Steele R, Zhou XY, Phillips NJ, Ray R, Ray RB TITLE Hepatitis C virus NS5A protein impairs TNF-mediated hepatic apoptosis, but not by an anti-FAS antibody, in transgenic mice. JOURNAL Virology 294:94-105 (2002) DOI:10.1006/viro.2001.1309 REFERENCE PMID:11278402 AUTHORS Arima N, Kao CY, Licht T, Padmanabhan R, Sasaguri Y, Padmanabhan R TITLE Modulation of cell growth by the hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein NS5A. JOURNAL J Biol Chem 276:12675-84 (2001) DOI:10.1074/jbc.M008329200 REFERENCE PMID:21250384 AUTHORS He Y, Staschke KA, Tan SL TITLE HCV NS5A: A Multifunctional Regulator of Cellular Pathways and Virus Replication JOURNAL Hepatitis C Viruses: Genomes and Molecular Biology (2006) REFERENCE PMID:12379483 AUTHORS Qadri I, Iwahashi M, Simon F TITLE Hepatitis C virus NS5A protein binds TBP and p53, inhibiting their DNA binding and p53 interactions with TBP and ERCC3. JOURNAL Biochim Biophys Acta 1592:193-204 (2002) DOI:10.1016/S0167-4889(02)00315-4 REFERENCE PMID:22110506 AUTHORS Spender LC, Inman GJ TITLE Inhibition of germinal centre apoptotic programmes by epstein-barr virus. JOURNAL Adv Hematol 2011:829525 (2011) DOI:10.1155/2011/829525 REFERENCE PMID:20494113 AUTHORS Klein G, Klein E, Kashuba E TITLE Interaction of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with human B-lymphocytes. JOURNAL Biochem Biophys Res Commun 396:67-73 (2010) DOI:10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.146 REFERENCE PMID:21372216 AUTHORS Saha A, Robertson ES TITLE Epstein-Barr virus-associated B-cell lymphomas: pathogenesis and clinical outcomes. JOURNAL Clin Cancer Res 17:3056-63 (2011) DOI:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-2578 REFERENCE PMID:15510157 AUTHORS Young LS, Rickinson AB. TITLE Epstein-Barr virus: 40 years on. JOURNAL Nat Rev Cancer 4:757-68 (2004) DOI:10.1038/nrc1452 REFERENCE PMID:14506283 AUTHORS Holowaty MN, Sheng Y, Nguyen T, Arrowsmith C, Frappier L TITLE Protein interaction domains of the ubiquitin-specific protease, USP7/HAUSP. JOURNAL J Biol Chem 278:47753-61 (2003) DOI:10.1074/jbc.M307200200 REFERENCE PMID:11160754 AUTHORS Harada S, Yalamanchili R, Kieff E TITLE Epstein-Barr virus nuclear protein 2 has at least two N-terminal domains that mediate self-association. JOURNAL J Virol 75:2482-7 (2001) DOI:10.1128/JVI.75.5.2482-2487.2001 REFERENCE PMID:15452270 AUTHORS Peng CW, Zhao B, Kieff E TITLE Four EBNA2 domains are important for EBNALP coactivation. JOURNAL J Virol 78:11439-42 (2004) DOI:10.1128/JVI.78.20.11439-11442.2004 REFERENCE PMID:15767449 AUTHORS Peng R, Moses SC, Tan J, Kremmer E, Ling PD TITLE The Epstein-Barr virus EBNA-LP protein preferentially coactivates EBNA2-mediated stimulation of latent membrane proteins expressed from the viral divergent promoter. JOURNAL J Virol 79:4492-505 (2005) DOI:10.1128/JVI.79.7.4492-4505.2005 REFERENCE PMID:21177815 AUTHORS Saha A, Bamidele A, Murakami M, Robertson ES TITLE EBNA3C attenuates the function of p53 through interaction with inhibitor of growth family proteins 4 and 5. JOURNAL J Virol 85:2079-88 (2011) DOI:10.1128/JVI.02279-10 REFERENCE PMID:21347341 AUTHORS Saha A, Halder S, Upadhyay SK, Lu J, Kumar P, Murakami M, Cai Q, Robertson ES TITLE Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 3C facilitates G1-S transition by stabilizing and enhancing the function of cyclin D1. JOURNAL PLoS Pathog 7:e1001275 (2011) DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001275 REFERENCE PMID:15542638 AUTHORS Knight JS, Sharma N, Kalman DE, Robertson ES TITLE A cyclin-binding motif within the amino-terminal homology domain of EBNA3C binds cyclin A and modulates cyclin A-dependent kinase activity in Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells. JOURNAL J Virol 78:12857-67 (2004) DOI:10.1128/JVI.78.23.12857-12867.2004 REFERENCE PMID:14747563 AUTHORS Knight JS, Robertson ES TITLE Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 3C regulates cyclin A/p27 complexes and enhances cyclin A-dependent kinase activity. JOURNAL J Virol 78:1981-91 (2004) DOI:10.1128/JVI.78.4.1981-1991.2004 REFERENCE PMID:16352731 AUTHORS Knight JS, Sharma N, Robertson ES TITLE Epstein-Barr virus latent antigen 3C can mediate the degradation of the retinoblastoma protein through an SCF cellular ubiquitin ligase. JOURNAL Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:18562-6 (2005) DOI:10.1073/pnas.0503886102 REFERENCE PMID:18391203 AUTHORS Kashuba E, Yurchenko M, Yenamandra SP, Snopok B, Isaguliants M, Szekely L, Klein G TITLE EBV-encoded EBNA-6 binds and targets MRS18-2 to the nucleus, resulting in the disruption of pRb-E2F1 complexes. JOURNAL Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:5489-94 (2008) DOI:10.1073/pnas.0801053105 REFERENCE PMID:11091847 AUTHORS Young LS, Dawson CW, Eliopoulos AG TITLE The expression and function of Epstein-Barr virus encoded latent genes. JOURNAL Mol Pathol 53:238-47 (2000) DOI:10.1136/mp.53.5.238 REFERENCE PMID:19078975 AUTHORS Kuppers R TITLE The biology of Hodgkin's lymphoma. JOURNAL Nat Rev Cancer 9:15-27 (2009) DOI:10.1038/nrc2542 REFERENCE PMID:17049016 AUTHORS Pattle SB, Farrell PJ TITLE The role of Epstein-Barr virus in cancer. JOURNAL Expert Opin Biol Ther 6:1193-205 (2006) DOI:10.1517/14712598.6.11.1193 REFERENCE PMID:11905817 AUTHORS Thorley-Lawson DA TITLE Epstein-Barr virus: exploiting the immune system. JOURNAL Nat Rev Immunol 1:75-82 (2001) DOI:10.1038/35095584 REFERENCE PMID:11669605 AUTHORS Eliopoulos AG, Young LS TITLE LMP1 structure and signal transduction. JOURNAL Semin Cancer Biol 11:435-44 (2001) DOI:10.1006/scbi.2001.0410 REFERENCE PMID:11766888 AUTHORS Dell G, Gaston K TITLE Human papillomaviruses and their role in cervical cancer. JOURNAL Cell Mol Life Sci 58:1923-42 (2001) DOI:10.1007/PL00000827 REFERENCE PMID:10793105 AUTHORS zur Hausen H TITLE Papillomaviruses causing cancer: evasion from host-cell control in early events in carcinogenesis. JOURNAL J Natl Cancer Inst 92:690-8 (2000) DOI:10.1093/jnci/92.9.690 REFERENCE PMID:19156753 AUTHORS Yugawa T, Kiyono T TITLE Molecular mechanisms of cervical carcinogenesis by high-risk human papillomaviruses: novel functions of E6 and E7 oncoproteins. JOURNAL Rev Med Virol 19:97-113 (2009) DOI:10.1002/rmv.605 REFERENCE PMID:17645777 AUTHORS Narisawa-Saito M, Kiyono T TITLE Basic mechanisms of high-risk human papillomavirus-induced carcinogenesis: roles of E6 and E7 proteins. JOURNAL Cancer Sci 98:1505-11 (2007) DOI:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00546.x REFERENCE PMID:15342967 AUTHORS Motoyama S, Ladines-Llave CA, Luis Villanueva S, Maruo T TITLE The role of human papilloma virus in the molecular biology of cervical carcinogenesis. JOURNAL Kobe J Med Sci 50:9-19 (2004) REFERENCE PMID:20592731 AUTHORS Moody CA, Laimins LA TITLE Human papillomavirus oncoproteins: pathways to transformation. JOURNAL Nat Rev Cancer 10:550-60 (2010) DOI:10.1038/nrc2886 REFERENCE PMID:15956361 AUTHORS McCance DJ TITLE Human papillomaviruses and cell signaling. JOURNAL Sci STKE 2005:pe29 (2005) DOI:10.1126/stke.2882005pe29 REFERENCE PMID:18385245 AUTHORS Wade R, Brimer N, Vande Pol S TITLE Transformation by bovine papillomavirus type 1 E6 requires paxillin. JOURNAL J Virol 82:5962-6 (2008) DOI:10.1128/JVI.02747-07 REFERENCE PMID:9374493 AUTHORS Berezutskaya E, Bagchi S TITLE The human papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein functionally interacts with the S4 subunit of the 26 S proteasome. JOURNAL J Biol Chem 272:30135-40 (1997) DOI:10.1074/jbc.272.48.30135 REFERENCE PMID:16381817 AUTHORS Zhang B, Chen W, Roman A TITLE The E7 proteins of low- and high-risk human papillomaviruses share the ability to target the pRB family member p130 for degradation. JOURNAL Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:437-42 (2006) DOI:10.1073/pnas.0510012103 REFERENCE PMID:12970441 AUTHORS He W, Staples D, Smith C, Fisher C TITLE Direct activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 by human papillomavirus E7. JOURNAL J Virol 77:10566-74 (2003) DOI:10.1128/JVI.77.19.10566-10574.2003 REFERENCE PMID:9349482 AUTHORS Massimi P, Pim D, Banks L TITLE Human papillomavirus type 16 E7 binds to the conserved carboxy-terminal region of the TATA box binding protein and this contributes to E7 transforming activity. JOURNAL J Gen Virol 78 ( Pt 10):2607-13 (1997) DOI:10.1099/0022-1317-78-10-2607 REFERENCE PMID:8617242 AUTHORS Antinore MJ, Birrer MJ, Patel D, Nader L, McCance DJ TITLE The human papillomavirus type 16 E7 gene product interacts with and trans-activates the AP1 family of transcription factors. JOURNAL EMBO J 15:1950-60 (1996) DOI:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00546.x REFERENCE PMID:9990017 AUTHORS Zwerschke W, Mazurek S, Massimi P, Banks L, Eigenbrodt E, Jansen-Durr P TITLE Modulation of type M2 pyruvate kinase activity by the human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein. JOURNAL Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:1291-6 (1999) DOI:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1291 REFERENCE PMID:17384582 AUTHORS Matsuoka M, Jeang KT TITLE Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infectivity and cellular transformation. JOURNAL Nat Rev Cancer 7:270-80 (2007) DOI:10.1038/nrc2111 REFERENCE PMID:15310405 AUTHORS Azran I, Schavinsky-Khrapunsky Y, Aboud M TITLE Role of Tax protein in human T-cell leukemia virus type-I leukemogenicity. JOURNAL Retrovirology 1:20 (2004) DOI:10.1186/1742-4690-1-20 REFERENCE PMID:12910250 AUTHORS Matsuoka M TITLE Human T-cell leukemia virus type I and adult T-cell leukemia. JOURNAL Oncogene 22:5131-40 (2003) DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1206551 REFERENCE PMID:11244044 AUTHORS Yoshida M TITLE Multiple viral strategies of HTLV-1 for dysregulation of cell growth control. JOURNAL Annu Rev Immunol 19:475-96 (2001) DOI:10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.475 REFERENCE PMID:18702816 AUTHORS Boxus M, Twizere JC, Legros S, Dewulf JF, Kettmann R, Willems L TITLE The HTLV-1 Tax interactome. JOURNAL Retrovirology 5:76 (2008) DOI:10.1186/1742-4690-5-76 REFERENCE PMID:8223437 AUTHORS Caron C, Rousset R, Beraud C, Moncollin V, Egly JM, Jalinot P TITLE Functional and biochemical interaction of the HTLV-I Tax1 transactivator with TBP. JOURNAL EMBO J 12:4269-78 (1993) DOI:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06111.x REFERENCE PMID:8756622 AUTHORS Clemens KE, Piras G, Radonovich MF, Choi KS, Duvall JF, DeJong J, Roeder R, Brady JN TITLE Interaction of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 tax transactivator with transcription factor IIA. JOURNAL Mol Cell Biol 16:4656-64 (1996) DOI:10.1128/MCB.16.9.4656 REFERENCE PMID:16036567 AUTHORS Harhaj EW, Harhaj NS TITLE Mechanisms of persistent NF-kappaB activation by HTLV-I tax. JOURNAL IUBMB Life 57:83-91 (2005) DOI:10.1080/15216540500078715 REFERENCE PMID:21743832 AUTHORS Qu Z, Xiao G TITLE Human T-cell lymphotropic virus: a model of NF-kappaB-associated tumorigenesis. JOURNAL Viruses 3:714-49 (2011) DOI:10.3390/v3060714 REFERENCE PMID:16155601 AUTHORS Kashanchi F, Brady JN TITLE Transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation of HTLV-1. JOURNAL Oncogene 24:5938-51 (2005) DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1208973 REFERENCE PMID:14530271 AUTHORS Wu K, Bottazzi ME, de la Fuente C, Deng L, Gitlin SD, Maddukuri A, Dadgar S, Li H, Vertes A, Pumfery A, Kashanchi F TITLE Protein profile of tax-associated complexes. JOURNAL J Biol Chem 279:495-508 (2004) DOI:10.1074/jbc.M310069200 REFERENCE PMID:16155604 AUTHORS Grassmann R, Aboud M, Jeang KT TITLE Molecular mechanisms of cellular transformation by HTLV-1 Tax. JOURNAL Oncogene 24:5976-85 (2005) DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1208978 REFERENCE PMID:16308315 AUTHORS Tabakin-Fix Y, Azran I, Schavinky-Khrapunsky Y, Levy O, Aboud M TITLE Functional inactivation of p53 by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax protein: mechanisms and clinical implications. JOURNAL Carcinogenesis 27:673-81 (2006) DOI:10.1093/carcin/bgi274 REFERENCE PMID:16760382 AUTHORS Rezaee SA, Cunningham C, Davison AJ, Blackbourn DJ TITLE Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus immune modulation: an overview. JOURNAL J Gen Virol 87:1781-804 (2006) DOI:10.1099/vir.0.81919-0 REFERENCE PMID:17457345 AUTHORS Coscoy L TITLE Immune evasion by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. JOURNAL Nat Rev Immunol 7:391-401 (2007) DOI:10.1038/nri2076 REFERENCE PMID:21040832 AUTHORS Cai Q, Verma SC, Lu J, Robertson ES TITLE Molecular biology of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and related oncogenesis. JOURNAL Adv Virus Res 78:87-142 (2010) DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-385032-4.00003-3 REFERENCE PMID:16828973 AUTHORS Jarviluoma A, Ojala PM TITLE Cell signaling pathways engaged by KSHV. JOURNAL Biochim Biophys Acta 1766:140-58 (2006) DOI:10.1016/j.bbcan.2006.05.001 REFERENCE PMID:18948197 AUTHORS Liang C, Lee JS, Jung JU TITLE Immune evasion in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus associated oncogenesis. JOURNAL Semin Cancer Biol 18:423-36 (2008) DOI:10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.09.003 REFERENCE PMID:19715458 AUTHORS Lee HR, Kim MH, Lee JS, Liang C, Jung JU TITLE Viral interferon regulatory factors. JOURNAL J Interferon Cytokine Res 29:621-7 (2009) DOI:10.1089/jir.2009.0067 REFERENCE PMID:22566809 AUTHORS Jacobs SR, Damania B TITLE The Viral Interferon Regulatory Factors of KSHV: Immunosuppressors or Oncogenes? JOURNAL Front Immunol 2:19 (2011) DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2011.00019 REFERENCE PMID:19651473 AUTHORS Wen KW, Damania B TITLE Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV): molecular biology and oncogenesis. JOURNAL Cancer Lett 289:140-50 (2010) DOI:10.1016/j.canlet.2009.07.004 REFERENCE PMID:15967719 AUTHORS Wang HW, Boshoff C TITLE Linking Kaposi virus to cancer-associated cytokines. JOURNAL Trends Mol Med 11:309-12 (2005) DOI:10.1016/j.molmed.2005.06.002 REFERENCE PMID:15692053 AUTHORS McCormick C, Ganem D TITLE The kaposin B protein of KSHV activates the p38/MK2 pathway and stabilizes cytokine mRNAs. JOURNAL Science 307:739-41 (2005) DOI:10.1126/science.1105779 REFERENCE PMID:12770701 AUTHORS Verma SC, Robertson ES TITLE Molecular biology and pathogenesis of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. JOURNAL FEMS Microbiol Lett 222:155-63 (2003) DOI:10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00261-1 REFERENCE PMID:10354594 AUTHORS Schulz TF, Moore PS TITLE Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: a new human tumor virus, but how? JOURNAL Trends Microbiol 7:196-200 (1999) DOI:10.1016/S0966-842X(99)01495-X REFERENCE PMID:10855768 AUTHORS Schulz TF TITLE Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8): epidemiology and pathogenesis. JOURNAL J Antimicrob Chemother 45 Suppl T3:15-27 (2000) DOI:10.1093/jac/45.suppl_4.15 REFERENCE PMID:9594662 AUTHORS Moore PS, Chang Y TITLE Antiviral activity of tumor-suppressor pathways: clues from molecular piracy by KSHV. JOURNAL Trends Genet 14:144-50 (1998) DOI:10.1016/S0168-9525(98)01408-5 REFERENCE PMID:20534855 AUTHORS Pietrek M, Brinkmann MM, Glowacka I, Enlund A, Havemeier A, Dittrich-Breiholz O, Kracht M, Lewitzky M, Saksela K, Feller SM, Schulz TF TITLE Role of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K15 SH3 binding site in inflammatory signaling and B-cell activation. JOURNAL J Virol 84:8231-40 (2010) DOI:10.1128/JVI.01696-09 REFERENCE PMID:21421561 AUTHORS Bagneris C, Briggs LC, Savva R, Ebrahimi B, Barrett TE TITLE Crystal structure of a KSHV-SOX-DNA complex: insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying DNase activity and host shutoff. JOURNAL Nucleic Acids Res 39:5744-56 (2011) DOI:10.1093/nar/gkr111 REFERENCE PMID:15919895 AUTHORS Glaunsinger B, Chavez L, Ganem D TITLE The exonuclease and host shutoff functions of the SOX protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus are genetically separable. JOURNAL J Virol 79:7396-401 (2005) DOI:10.1128/JVI.79.12.7396-7401.2005 REL_PATHWAY ko03022 Basal transcription factors ko03320 PPAR signaling pathway ko04010 MAPK signaling pathway ko04062 Chemokine signaling pathway ko04064 NF-kappa B signaling pathway ko04110 Cell cycle ko04115 p53 signaling pathway ko04142 Lysosome ko04151 PI3K-Akt signaling pathway ko04210 Apoptosis ko04630 JAK-STAT signaling pathway ko04662 B cell receptor signaling pathway ko04810 Regulation of actin cytoskeleton ko05160 Hepatitis C ko05161 Hepatitis B ko05165 Human papillomavirus infection ko05166 Human T-cell leukemia virus 1 infection ko05167 Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection ko05169 Epstein-Barr virus infection ///