ENTRY ko02026 Pathway NAME Biofilm formation - Escherichia coli DESCRIPTION Bacteria inhabiting a biofilm are protected from physical stress, antimicrobials, and the host immune system, and thereby cause severe medical, environmental, and technical problems. Biofilm formation in Escherichia coli is regulated by two inversely controlled transcriptional feedforward cascades, the FlhDC/FliA cascade and the sigmaS/MlrA/CsgD cascade, which are active in post-exponentially growing and in stationary phase cells, respectively. Their final outputs, flagella production or the synthesis of the biofilm matrix components curli and cellulose, are mutually exclusive due to complementary sigma factor requirements, the abundant DNA-binding regulator FliZ, and opposite regulation by c-di-GMP. The RNA-binding protein CsrA, a central component of the global regulatory system, inhibits synthesis of the poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine (PGA) exopolysaccharide and glycogen and stimulates the expression of the flagellar master regulator FlhDC. CsrA activity is counteracted by two sRNAs, CsrB and CsrC. The lower figure shows that FlhDC, sigmaS, and CsgD, the transcription factors that control large regulons involved in flagellar and biofilm formation, serve as regulatory hubs for multiple environmental signal integration with a series of sRNAs providing distinct inputs. CLASS Cellular Processes; Cellular community - prokaryotes PATHWAY_MAP ko02026 Biofilm formation - Escherichia coli ORTHOLOGY K00688 PYG, glgP; glycogen phosphorylase [EC:2.4.1.1] K00694 bcsA; cellulose synthase (UDP-forming) [EC:2.4.1.12] K00703 glgA; starch synthase [EC:2.4.1.21] K00975 glgC; glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase [EC:2.7.7.27] K01991 wza, gfcE; polysaccharide biosynthesis/export protein K02398 flgM; negative regulator of flagellin synthesis FlgM K02402 flhC; flagellar transcriptional activator FlhC K02403 flhD; flagellar transcriptional activator FlhD K02405 fliA, whiG; RNA polymerase sigma factor FliA K02425 fliZ; regulator of sigma S factor FliZ K02777 crr; sugar PTS system EIIA component [EC:2.7.1.-] K03087 rpoS; RNA polymerase nonessential primary-like sigma factor K03563 csrA; carbon storage regulator K03566 gcvA; LysR family transcriptional regulator, glycine cleavage system transcriptional activator K03567 gcvR; glycine cleavage system transcriptional repressor K04333 csgD; LuxR family transcriptional regulator, csgAB operon transcriptional regulatory protein K04334 csgA; major curlin subunit K04335 csgB; minor curlin subunit K04336 csgC; curli production protein K04761 oxyR; LysR family transcriptional regulator, hydrogen peroxide-inducible genes activator K05851 cyaA; adenylate cyclase, class 1 [EC:4.6.1.1] K06204 dksA; RNA polymerase-binding transcription factor K07173 luxS; S-ribosylhomocysteine lyase [EC:4.4.1.21] K07638 envZ; two-component system, OmpR family, osmolarity sensor histidine kinase EnvZ [EC:2.7.13.3] K07648 arcB; two-component system, OmpR family, aerobic respiration control sensor histidine kinase ArcB [EC:2.7.13.3] K07659 ompR; two-component system, OmpR family, phosphate regulon response regulator OmpR K07676 rcsD; two-component system, NarL family, sensor histidine kinase RcsD [EC:2.7.13.3] K07677 rcsC; two-component system, NarL family, capsular synthesis sensor histidine kinase RcsC [EC:2.7.13.3] K07678 barA, gacS, varS; two-component system, NarL family, sensor histidine kinase BarA [EC:2.7.13.3] K07687 rcsB; two-component system, NarL family, captular synthesis response regulator RcsB K07689 uvrY, gacA, varA; two-component system, NarL family, invasion response regulator UvrY K07773 arcA; two-component system, OmpR family, aerobic respiration control protein ArcA K07781 rcsA; LuxR family transcriptional regulator, capsular biosynthesis positive transcription factor K07782 sdiA; LuxR family transcriptional regulator, quorum-sensing system regulator SdiA K10914 crp; CRP/FNR family transcriptional regulator, cyclic AMP receptor protein K11531 lsrR; lsr operon transcriptional repressor K11931 pgaB; poly-beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine N-deacetylase [EC:3.5.1.-] K11935 pgaA; biofilm PGA synthesis protein PgaA K11936 pgaC, icaA; poly-beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine synthase [EC:2.4.1.-] K11937 pgaD; biofilm PGA synthesis protein PgaD K12687 flu; antigen 43 K14051 gmr, pdeR; c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase Gmr [EC:3.1.4.52] K18502 dsrA; small regulatory RNA DsrA K18504 arcZ; small regulatory RNA ArcZ K18509 rydC; small regulatory RNA RydC K18515 csrB; small regulatory RNA CsrB K18516 csrC; small regulatory RNA CsrC K18518 rprA; small regulatory RNA RprA K18521 gcvB; small regulatory RNA GcvB K18522 omrA, rygA; small regulatory RNA OmrA K18523 omrB, rygB; small regulatory RNA OmrB K18528 oxyS; small regulatory RNA OxyS K18968 adrA; diguanylate cyclase [EC:2.7.7.65] K21084 yegE; diguanylate cyclase [EC:2.7.7.65] K21085 yedQ; diguanylate cyclase [EC:2.7.7.65] K21086 pdeH; c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase [EC:3.1.4.52] K21087 ycgR; flagellar brake protein K21088 ydaM; diguanylate cyclase [EC:2.7.7.65] K21089 mlrA; MerR family transcriptional regulator, activator of the csg genes K21090 adrB, pdeD; c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase [EC:3.1.4.52] K21091 mcaS; small regulatory RNA McaS COMPOUND C00037 Glycine C00575 3',5'-Cyclic AMP C01228 Guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) C04494 Guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate C16463 3',5'-Cyclic diGMP C21382 R-THMF REFERENCE PMID:25028968 AUTHORS Mika F, Hengge R TITLE Small RNAs in the control of RpoS, CsgD, and biofilm architecture of Escherichia coli. JOURNAL RNA Biol 11:494-507 (2014) DOI:10.4161/rna.28867 REFERENCE PMID:23443158 AUTHORS Mika F, Hengge R TITLE Small Regulatory RNAs in the Control of Motility and Biofilm Formation in E. coli and Salmonella. JOURNAL Int J Mol Sci 14:4560-79 (2013) DOI:10.3390/ijms14034560 REFERENCE PMID:19287449 AUTHORS Hengge R TITLE Principles of c-di-GMP signalling in bacteria. JOURNAL Nat Rev Microbiol 7:263-73 (2009) DOI:10.1038/nrmicro2109 REFERENCE PMID:23178000 AUTHORS Chambers JR, Sauer K TITLE Small RNAs and their role in biofilm formation. JOURNAL Trends Microbiol 21:39-49 (2013) DOI:10.1016/j.tim.2012.10.008 REFERENCE PMID:24724055 AUTHORS Martinez LC, Vadyvaloo V TITLE Mechanisms of post-transcriptional gene regulation in bacterial biofilms. JOURNAL Front Cell Infect Microbiol 4:38 (2014) DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2014.00038 REFERENCE PMID:23023210 AUTHORS Kalia D, Merey G, Nakayama S, Zheng Y, Zhou J, Luo Y, Guo M, Roembke BT, Sintim HO TITLE Nucleotide, c-di-GMP, c-di-AMP, cGMP, cAMP, (p)ppGpp signaling in bacteria and implications in pathogenesis. JOURNAL Chem Soc Rev 42:305-41 (2013) DOI:10.1039/c2cs35206k REFERENCE PMID:24217225 AUTHORS Seyll E, Van Melderen L TITLE The ribonucleoprotein Csr network. JOURNAL Int J Mol Sci 14:22117-31 (2013) DOI:10.3390/ijms141122117 REFERENCE PMID:18765794 AUTHORS Pesavento C, Becker G, Sommerfeldt N, Possling A, Tschowri N, Mehlis A, Hengge R TITLE Inverse regulatory coordination of motility and curli-mediated adhesion in Escherichia coli. JOURNAL Genes Dev 22:2434-46 (2008) DOI:10.1101/gad.475808 REFERENCE PMID:16427772 AUTHORS Huang YH, Ferrieres L, Clarke DJ TITLE The role of the Rcs phosphorelay in Enterobacteriaceae. JOURNAL Res Microbiol 157:206-12 (2006) DOI:10.1016/j.resmic.2005.11.005 REFERENCE PMID:17557827 AUTHORS Li J, Attila C, Wang L, Wood TK, Valdes JJ, Bentley WE TITLE Quorum sensing in Escherichia coli is signaled by AI-2/LsrR: effects on small RNA and biofilm architecture. JOURNAL J Bacteriol 189:6011-20 (2007) DOI:10.1128/JB.00014-07 REL_PATHWAY ko02024 Quorum sensing ko02040 Flagellar assembly ///