ENTRY ko02024 Pathway NAME Quorum sensing DESCRIPTION Quorum sensing (QS) is a regulatory system that allows bacteria to share information about cell density and adjust gene expression accordingly. All QS bacteria produce and release chemical signal molecules called autoinducers (AIs) that increase in concentration as a function of cell density. The most commonly studied AIs belong to one of the following three categories: acylated homoserine lactones, also referred to as AI-1, used by Gram-negative bacteria; peptide signals, used by Gram-positive bacteria; and AI-2, used by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. QS can be divided into at least 4 steps: production of AIs by the bacterial cell; release of AIs, either actively or passively, into the surrounding environment; recognition of AIs by specific receptors; and leading to changes in gene regulation once they exceed a threshold concentration. The processes controlled by QS include virulence, competence, conjugation, antibiotic production, motility, sporulation, and biofilm formation. CLASS Cellular Processes; Cellular community - prokaryotes PATHWAY_MAP ko02024 Quorum sensing DRUG D10453 Bezlotoxumab (USAN/INN) DBLINKS GO: 0009372 ORTHOLOGY K00494 luxA; alkanal monooxygenase alpha chain [EC:1.14.14.3] K01114 plc; phospholipase C [EC:3.1.4.3] K01218 gmuG; mannan endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase [EC:3.2.1.78] K01318 sspA; glutamyl endopeptidase [EC:3.4.21.19] K01364 speB; streptopain [EC:3.4.22.10] K01399 lasB; pseudolysin [EC:3.4.24.26] K01497 ribA, RIB1; GTP cyclohydrolase II [EC:3.5.4.25] K01580 E4.1.1.15, gadB, gadA, GAD; glutamate decarboxylase [EC:4.1.1.15] K01626 E2.5.1.54, aroF, aroG, aroH; 3-deoxy-7-phosphoheptulonate synthase [EC:2.5.1.54] K01635 lacD; tagatose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase [EC:4.1.2.40] K01657 trpE; anthranilate synthase component I [EC:4.1.3.27] K01658 trpG; anthranilate synthase component II [EC:4.1.3.27] K01728 pel; pectate lyase [EC:4.2.2.2] K01897 ACSL, fadD; long-chain-fatty-acid---CoA ligase [EC:6.2.1.3] K01995 livG; branched-chain amino acid transport system ATP-binding protein K01996 livF; branched-chain amino acid transport system ATP-binding protein K01997 livH; branched-chain amino acid transport system permease protein K01998 livM; branched-chain amino acid transport system permease protein K01999 livK; branched-chain amino acid transport system substrate-binding protein K02031 ddpD; peptide/nickel transport system ATP-binding protein K02032 ddpF; peptide/nickel transport system ATP-binding protein K02033 ABC.PE.P; peptide/nickel transport system permease protein K02034 ABC.PE.P1; peptide/nickel transport system permease protein K02035 ABC.PE.S; peptide/nickel transport system substrate-binding protein K02052 ABC.SP.A; putative spermidine/putrescine transport system ATP-binding protein K02053 ABC.SP.P; putative spermidine/putrescine transport system permease protein K02054 ABC.SP.P1; putative spermidine/putrescine transport system permease protein K02055 ABC.SP.S; putative spermidine/putrescine transport system substrate-binding protein K02250 comK; competence protein ComK K02251 comQ; competence protein ComQ K02252 comS; competence protein ComS K02253 comX; competence protein ComX K02402 flhC; flagellar transcriptional activator FlhC K02403 flhD; flagellar transcriptional activator FlhD K02490 spo0F; two-component system, response regulator, stage 0 sporulation protein F K03070 secA; preprotein translocase subunit SecA [EC:7.4.2.8] K03071 secB; preprotein translocase subunit SecB K03073 secE; preprotein translocase subunit SecE K03075 secG; preprotein translocase subunit SecG K03076 secY; preprotein translocase subunit SecY K03106 SRP54, ffh; signal recognition particle subunit SRP54 [EC:3.6.5.4] K03110 ftsY; fused signal recognition particle receptor K03210 yajC; preprotein translocase subunit YajC K03217 yidC, spoIIIJ, OXA1, ccfA; YidC/Oxa1 family membrane protein insertase K03400 luxC; long-chain-fatty-acyl-CoA reductase [EC:1.2.1.50] K03666 hfq; host factor-I protein K06046 luxE; long-chain-fatty-acid---luciferin-component ligase [EC:6.2.1.19] K06352 phrA; phosphatase RapA inhibitor K06353 phrC; phosphatase RapC regulator K06354 phrE; phosphatase RapE regulator K06355 phrF; phosphatase RapF regulator K06356 phrG; phosphatase RapG regulator K06358 phrK; phosphatase RapK regulator K06359 rapA, spo0L; response regulator aspartate phosphatase A (stage 0 sporulation protein L) [EC:3.1.-.-] K06360 rapB; response regulator aspartate phosphatase B [EC:3.1.-.-] K06361 rapC; response regulator aspartate phosphatase C [EC:3.1.-.-] K06363 rapE; response regulator aspartate phosphatase E [EC:3.1.-.-] K06364 rapF; response regulator aspartate phosphatase F [EC:3.1.-.-] K06365 rapG; response regulator aspartate phosphatase G [EC:3.1.-.-] K06366 rapH; response regulator aspartate phosphatase H [EC:3.1.-.-] K06369 rapK; response regulator aspartate phosphatase K [EC:3.1.-.-] K06375 spo0B; stage 0 sporulation protein B (sporulation initiation phosphotransferase) [EC:2.7.-.-] K06998 phzF; trans-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxyanthranilate isomerase [EC:5.3.3.17] K07173 luxS; S-ribosylhomocysteine lyase [EC:4.4.1.21] K07344 trbL; type IV secretion system protein TrbL K07645 qseC; two-component system, OmpR family, sensor histidine kinase QseC [EC:2.7.13.3] K07666 qseB; two-component system, OmpR family, response regulator QseB K07667 kdpE; two-component system, OmpR family, KDP operon response regulator KdpE K07680 comP; two-component system, NarL family, sensor histidine kinase ComP [EC:2.7.13.3] K07691 comA; two-component system, NarL family, competent response regulator ComA K07692 degU; two-component system, NarL family, response regulator DegU K07699 spo0A; two-component system, response regulator, stage 0 sporulation protein A K07706 agrC, blpH, fsrC; two-component system, LytTR family, sensor histidine kinase AgrC [EC:2.7.13.3] K07707 agrA, blpR, fsrA; two-component system, LytTR family, response regulator AgrA K07711 glrK, qseE; two-component system, NtrC family, sensor histidine kinase GlrK [EC:2.7.13.3] K07715 glrR, qseF; two-component system, NtrC family, response regulator GlrR K07781 rcsA; LuxR family transcriptional regulator, capsular biosynthesis positive transcription factor K07782 sdiA; LuxR family transcriptional regulator, quorum-sensing system regulator SdiA K07800 agrD; AgrD protein K07813 agrB; accessory gene regulator B K08321 lsrF; 3-hydroxy-5-phosphonooxypentane-2,4-dione thiolase [EC:2.3.1.245] K08605 gelE; coccolysin [EC:3.4.24.30] K08642 lasA; LasA protease [EC:3.4.24.-] K08777 nprB; neutral peptidase B [EC:3.4.24.-] K09823 zur; Fur family transcriptional regulator, zinc uptake regulator K09936 TC.BAT2; bacterial/archaeal transporter family-2 protein K10555 lsrB; AI-2 transport system substrate-binding protein K10556 lsrC; AI-2 transport system permease protein K10557 lsrD; AI-2 transport system permease protein K10558 lsrA, ego; AI-2 transport system ATP-binding protein K10715 rpfC; two-component system, sensor histidine kinase RpfC [EC:2.7.13.3] K10823 oppF; oligopeptide transport system ATP-binding protein K10909 luxQ; two-component system, autoinducer 2 sensor kinase/phosphatase LuxQ [EC:2.7.13.3 3.1.3.-] K10910 luxP; autoinducer 2-binding periplasmic protein LuxP K10911 luxU; two-component system, phosphorelay protein LuxU K10912 luxO; two-component system, repressor protein LuxO K10913 hapR, luxR, litR; TetR/AcrR family transcriptional regulator, hemagglutinin/protease regulatory protein K10914 crp; CRP/FNR family transcriptional regulator, cyclic AMP receptor protein K10915 cqsA; CAI-1 autoinducer synthase [EC:2.3.-.-] K10916 cqsS; two-component system, CAI-1 autoinducer sensor kinase/phosphatase CqsS [EC:2.7.13.3 3.1.3.-] K10917 aphA; PadR family transcriptional regulator, regulatory protein AphA K11006 stxA; shiga toxin subunit A K11007 stxB; shiga toxin subunit B K11031 slo; thiol-activated cytolysin K11033 nheA; non-hemolytic enterotoxin A K11034 nheBC; non-hemolytic enterotoxin B/C K11035 hblAB; hemolysin BL binding component K11036 hblC; hemolysin BL lytic component L2 K11037 hblD; hemolysin BL lytic component L1 K11039 hld; delta-hemolysin K11063 tcdAB; toxin A/B K11216 lsrK; autoinducer-2 kinase [EC:2.7.1.189] K11530 lsrG; (4S)-4-hydroxy-5-phosphonooxypentane-2,3-dione isomerase [EC:5.3.1.32] K11531 lsrR; lsr operon transcriptional repressor K11752 ribD; diaminohydroxyphosphoribosylaminopyrimidine deaminase / 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil reductase [EC:3.5.4.26 1.1.1.193] K12257 secDF; SecD/SecF fusion protein K12292 comA; ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C, bacterial, competence factor transporting protein [EC:3.4.22.-] K12293 comB; competence factor transport accessory protein ComB K12294 comD; two-component system, LytTR family, sensor histidine kinase ComD [EC:2.7.13.3] K12295 comE; two-component system, LytTR family, response regulator ComE K12296 comX1_2; competence protein ComX K12415 comC; competence-stimulating peptide K12789 tccP; Tir-cytoskeleton coupling protein K12990 rfbF, rhlC; rhamnosyltransferase [EC:2.4.1.-] K13060 lasI; acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184] K13061 rhlI, phzI, solI, cepI, tofI; acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184] K13062 ainS, luxM; acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184] K13063 phzE; 2-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase [EC:2.6.1.86] K13075 ahlD, aiiA, attM, blcC; N-acyl homoserine lactone hydrolase [EC:3.1.1.81] K13815 rpfG; two-component system, response regulator RpfG K13816 rpfF; DSF synthase K14051 gmr, pdeR; c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase Gmr [EC:3.1.4.52] K14645 K14645; serine protease [EC:3.4.21.-] K14982 ciaH; two-component system, OmpR family, sensor histidine kinase CiaH [EC:2.7.13.3] K14983 ciaR; two-component system, OmpR family, response regulator CiaR K15580 oppA, mppA; oligopeptide transport system substrate-binding protein K15581 oppB; oligopeptide transport system permease protein K15582 oppC; oligopeptide transport system permease protein K15583 oppD; oligopeptide transport system ATP-binding protein K15654 srfAA, licA, lchAA; surfactin/lichenysin synthetase A K15655 srfAB, licB, lchAB; surfactin/lichenysin synthetase B K15656 srfAC, licC, lchAC; surfactin/lichenysin synthetase C K15657 srfATE, srfAD, lchAD; external thioesterase TEII K15850 luxN; two-component system, autoinducer 1 sensor kinase/phosphatase LuxN [EC:2.7.13.3 3.1.3.-] K15851 qrr; quorum regulatory RNA Qrr K15852 luxR, vanR; LuxR family transcriptional regulator, transcriptional activator of the bioluminescence operon K15853 luxD; acyl transferase [EC:2.3.1.-] K15854 luxB; alkanal monooxygenase beta chain [EC:1.14.14.3] K16619 plc, cpa; phospholipase C / alpha-toxin [EC:3.1.4.3] K17940 pqsH; 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolone synthase [EC:1.14.13.182] K18000 pqsA; anthranilate-CoA ligase [EC:6.2.1.32] K18001 pqsB; 2-heptyl-4(1H)-quinolone synthase subunit PqsB [EC:2.3.1.230] K18002 pqsC; 2-heptyl-4(1H)-quinolone synthase subunit PqsC [EC:2.3.1.230] K18003 pqsD; anthraniloyl-CoA anthraniloyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.262] K18096 bjaI, rpaI, braI, rhiI; acyl-homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.228 2.3.1.229 2.3.1.-] K18098 bjaR1, rpaR, rhiR; LuxR family transcriptional regulator, quorum-sensing system regulator BjaR1 K18099 rhlR, phzR; LuxR family transcriptional regulator, quorum-sensing system regulator RhlR K18100 rhlA; rhamnosyltransferase subunit A [EC:2.4.1.-] K18101 rhlB; rhamnosyltransferase subunit B [EC:2.4.1.-] K18139 oprM, emhC, ttgC, cusC, adeK, smeF, mtrE, cmeC, gesC; outer membrane protein, multidrug efflux system K18304 lasR; LuxR family transcriptional regulator, quorum-sensing system regulator LasR K18306 mexH; membrane fusion protein, multidrug efflux system K18307 mexI; multidrug efflux pump K18315 cpmC, carC; (5R)-carbapenem-3-carboxylate synthase [EC:1.14.20.3] K18316 cpmA, carA; carbapenam-3-carboxylate synthase [EC:6.3.3.6] K18317 cpmB, carB; carboxymethylproline synthase [EC:2.3.1.226] K18318 cpmD, carD; carbapenem biosynthesis protein, putative proline dehydrogenase [EC:1.5.-.-] K18319 cpmE, carE; carbapenem biosynthesis protein CpmE K19666 solR, cepR, tofR; LuxR family transcriptional regulator, quorum-sensing system regulator SolR K19731 cciR; LuxR family transcriptional regulator, quorum-sensing system regulator CciR K19732 traR; LuxR family transcriptional regulator, activator of conjugal transfer of Ti plasmids K19733 sinR, avsR; LuxR family transcriptional regulator, quorum-sensing system regulator SinR K19734 expR; LuxR family transcriptional regulator, quorum-sensing system regulator ExpR K19735 mvfR, pqsR; LysR family transcriptional regulator, quorum-sensing system regulator MvfR K20086 vioA; tryptophan oxidase VioA [EC:1.4.3.-] K20087 vioB; violacein biosynthesis protein VioB K20088 vioE; violacein biosynthesis protein VioE K20089 vioD; protodeoxyviolaceinate monooxygenase [EC:1.14.13.217] K20090 vioC; violacein synthase [EC:1.14.13.224] K20248 cinI; acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184] K20249 raiI; acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184] K20250 cciI; acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184] K20252 cinR; LuxR family transcriptional regulator, quorum-sensing system regulator CinR K20253 bisR; LuxR family transcriptional regulator, quorum-sensing system regulator BisR K20256 luxG; flavin reductase [EC:1.-.-.-] K20257 pqsE; 2-aminobenzoylacetyl-CoA thioesterase [EC:3.1.2.32] K20258 lecA; PA-I galactophilic lectin K20259 lecB; PA-IIL fucose-binding lectin K20260 phzA_B; phenazine biosynthesis protein K20261 phzD; trans-2,3-dihydro-3-hydroxyanthranilic acid synthase [EC:3.3.2.15] K20262 phzG; dihydrophenazinedicarboxylate synthase [EC:1.10.3.16] K20263 fusK; two-component system, NarL family, sensor histidine kinase FusK [EC:2.7.13.3] K20264 fusR; two-component system, NarL family, response regulator FusR K20265 gadC; glutamate:GABA antiporter K20266 trbJ; type IV secretion system protein TrbJ K20267 trbH; type IV secretion system protein TrbH K20268 rhiA; rhizosphere induced protein K20269 rhiB; rhizosphere induced protein K20270 rhiC; rhizosphere induced protein K20271 accR; DeoR family transcriptional regulator, repressor of opine catabolism and conjugal transfer K20272 traM; TraR antiactivator K20273 zmpA; zinc metalloprotease ZmpA K20274 zmpB; zinc metalloprotease ZmpB K20275 aidA; nematocidal protein AidA K20276 bapA; large repetitive protein K20277 bcl; mannose-binding lectin K20321 nlmA; mutacin IV K20322 nlmB; mutacin IV K20323 nlmC, cipB; mutacin V K20324 nlmD; mutacin VI K20325 fhrR; TetR/AcrR family transcriptional regulator, Clp-modulated transcription factor K20326 xagA; protein XagA K20327 xagB; glycosyltransferase XagB K20328 xagC; membrane protein XagC K20329 qsmR; IclR family transcriptional regulator, positive regulator for flagellar biogenesis K20330 toxJ; LuxR family transcriptional regulator, activator of tox operons K20331 toxA; toxoflavin synthase [EC:2.1.1.349] K20332 toxC; toxoflavin biosynthesis protein ToxC K20333 toxD; toxoflavin biosynthesis protein ToxD K20334 cviR; LuxR family transcriptional regulator, quorum-sensing system regulator CviR K20335 psmA1_2; phenol-soluble modulin alpha 1/2 K20336 psmA3; phenol-soluble modulin alpha 3 K20337 psmB; phenol-soluble modulin beta K20338 rot; MarR family transcriptional regulator, global regulator for virulence K20339 agrC2; two-component system, LytTR family, sensor histidine kinase AgrC2 [EC:2.7.13.3] K20340 agrA2; two-component system, LytTR family, response regulator AgrA2 K20341 blpL, cipI; immunity protein K20342 comR; HTH-type transcriptional regulator, regulator for ComX K20343 blpC; peptide pheromone BlpC K20344 blpA, lagD; ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C, bacteriocin exporter K20345 blpB; membrane fusion protein, peptide pheromone/bacteriocin exporter K20373 rgg2; HTH-type transcriptional regulator, SHP2-responsive activator K20374 rgg3; HTH-type transcriptional regulator, SHP3-responsive repressor K20375 ropB, rgg1; HTH-type transcriptional regulator, pheromone-responsive regulator K20376 prgQ; peptide inhibitor iCF10 K20377 prgX; HTH-type transcriptional regulator, major conjugation operon repressor K20378 iad1; sex pheromone inhibitor iAD1 K20379 cad; sex pheromone cAD1 K20380 traA; HTH-type transcriptional regulator, pheromone-responsive repressor K20381 traE1; regulatory protein K20382 asa1; aggregation substance K20383 cylLL; CylL-L protein K20384 cylLS; CylL-S protein K20385 cylM; CylM protein K20386 cylB; ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B, bacterial CylB K20387 cylR1; regulatory protein CylR1 K20388 cylR2; HTH-type transcriptional regulator, cytolysin regulator K20389 phrH; phosphatase RapH regulator K20390 papR; regulatory peptide PapR K20391 plcR; HTH-type transcriptional regulator, pleiotropic regulator of extracellular virulence genes K20480 nprR, nprA; HTH-type transcriptional regulator, quorum sensing regulator NprR K20481 nprX, nprRB; regulatory peptide NprX K20482 nisA, spaS, epiA; lantibiotic bacteriocin K20483 lanB, nisB, spaB, epiB; class I lanthipeptide synthase [EC:3.13.2.4] K20484 lanC, nisC, spaC, epiC; class I lanthipeptide synthase [EC:3.13.2.4] K20485 nisT, spaT; ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B, bacterial NisT/SpaT K20486 nisP, epiP; lantibiotic leader peptide-processing serine protease [EC:3.4.21.-] K20487 nisK, spaK; two-component system, OmpR family, lantibiotic biosynthesis sensor histidine kinase NisK/SpaK [EC:2.7.13.3] K20488 nisR, spaR; two-component system, OmpR family, lantibiotic biosynthesis response regulator NisR/SpaR K20489 nisI; lantibiotic immunity protein K20490 nisF, spaF, cprA, epiF; lantibiotic transport system ATP-binding protein K20491 nisE, spaE, cprB, epiE; lantibiotic transport system permease protein K20492 nisG, spaG, cprC; lantibiotic transport system permease protein K20494 epiG; lantibiotic transport system permease protein K20527 trbB; type IV secretion system protein TrbB [EC:7.4.2.8] K20528 trbC; type IV secretion system protein TrbC K20529 trbD; type IV secretion system protein TrbD K20530 trbE; type IV secretion system protein TrbE [EC:7.4.2.8] K20531 trbF; type IV secretion system protein TrbF K20532 trbG; type IV secretion system protein TrbG K20533 trbI; type IV secretion system protein TrbI K20539 blcR; IclR family transcriptional regulator, blcABC operon repressor K20540 cepR2; LuxR family transcriptional regulator, quorum-sensing system regulator CepR2 K20552 ler; transcriptional regulator of LEE operons K20554 rnaIII; small regulatory RNA RNAIII K20555 trbK; type IV secretion system protein TrbK K22954 luxI; acyl homoserine lactone synthase K22955 traI, avsI; acyl homoserine lactone synthase K22956 expI, esaI; acyl homoserine lactone synthase K22957 cviI; acyl homoserine lactone synthase K22968 sinI, avsI; acyl homoserine lactone synthase K23133 comC; competence-stimulating peptide K25873 raiR; LuxR family transcriptional regulator, quorum-sensing system regulator RaiR COMPOUND C00007 Oxygen C00009 Orthophosphate C00059 Sulfate C00232 Succinate semialdehyde C00334 4-Aminobutanoate C00547 L-Noradrenaline C00788 L-Adrenaline C01019 L-Fucose C11837 N-Butyryl-L-homoserine lactone C11841 N-(3-Oxooctanoyl)homoserine lactone C11844 N-Heptanoylhomoserine lactone C11845 N-(3-Hydroxy-7-cis-tetradecenoyl)homoserine lactone C11848 2-Heptyl-3-hydroxy-quinolone C16421 AI-2 C16463 3',5'-Cyclic diGMP C16640 CAI-1 C18049 N-Acyl-L-homoserine lactone C18206 cis-11-Methyl-2-dodecenoic acid C20643 2-Heptyl-4(1H)-quinolone C20677 N-(4-Coumaroyl)-L-homoserine lactone C20959 (4S)-4-Hydroxy-5-phosphooxypentane-2,3-dione C21195 N-(3-Hydroxybutanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone C21197 N-Hexanoyl-L-homoserine lactone C21198 N-(3-Oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone C21199 N-Octanoyl-L-homoserine lactone C21200 N-3-Hydroxyoctanoyl-L-homoserine lactone C21201 N-3-Oxo-dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone C21202 cis-2-Dodecenoic acid C21220 AIP-1 C21221 CSP C21222 CSP C21223 Blp C21224 SHP2 C21225 SHP3 C21226 cCF10 C21227 iCF10 C21228 cAD1 C21229 iAD1 C21230 ComX pheromone C21231 PhrA pentapeptide C21232 PhrC pentapeptide C21233 PhrE pentapeptide C21234 PhrF pentapeptide C21235 PhrG pentapeptide C21236 PhrH pentapeptide C21237 PhrK pentapeptide C21238 NprX peptide C21239 PapR peptide C21241 AIP-2 C21242 AIP-3 C21243 AIP-4 C21244 AgrD peptide C21245 AgrD1 peptide C21246 GBAP C21382 R-THMF REFERENCE PMID:22712853 AUTHORS Pereira CS, Thompson JA, Xavier KB TITLE AI-2-mediated signalling in bacteria. 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