ENTRY ko00270 Pathway NAME Cysteine and methionine metabolism DESCRIPTION Cysteine and methionine are sulfur-containing amino acids. Cysteine is synthesized from serine through different pathways in different organism groups. In bacteria and plants, cysteine is converted from serine (via acetylserine) by transfer of hydrogen sulfide [MD:M00021]. In animals, methionine-derived homocysteine is used as sulfur source and its condensation product with serine (cystathionine) is converted to cysteine [MD:M00338]. Cysteine is metabolized to pyruvate in multiple routes. Methionine is an essential amino acid, which animals cannot synthesize. In bacteria and plants, methionine is synthesized from aspartate [MD:M00017]. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM), synthesized from methionine and ATP, is a methyl group donor in many important transfer reactions including DNA methylation for regulation of gene expression. SAM may also be used to regenerate methionine in the methionine salvage pathway [MD:M00034]. CLASS Metabolism; Amino acid metabolism PATHWAY_MAP ko00270 Cysteine and methionine metabolism MODULE M00017 Methionine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => methionine [PATH:ko00270] M00021 Cysteine biosynthesis, serine => cysteine [PATH:ko00270] M00034 Methionine salvage pathway [PATH:ko00270] M00035 Methionine degradation [PATH:ko00270] M00338 Cysteine biosynthesis, homocysteine + serine => cysteine [PATH:ko00270] M00368 Ethylene biosynthesis, methionine => ethylene [PATH:ko00270] M00609 Cysteine biosynthesis, methionine => cysteine [PATH:ko00270] DBLINKS GO: 0006534 0006555 ORTHOLOGY K00640 serine O-acetyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.30] K23304 serine O-acetyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.30] K01738 cysteine synthase [EC:2.5.1.47] K13034 L-3-cyanoalanine synthase/ cysteine synthase [EC:2.5.1.47 4.4.1.9] K10150 cysteine synthase / O-phosphoserine sulfhydrylase / cystathionine beta-synthase [EC:2.5.1.47 2.5.1.65 4.2.1.22] K17069 O-acetylhomoserine/O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase [EC:2.5.1.49 2.5.1.47] K01758 cystathionine gamma-lyase [EC:4.4.1.1] K17217 cystathionine gamma-lyase / homocysteine desulfhydrase [EC:4.4.1.1 4.4.1.2] K00816 kynurenine---oxoglutarate transaminase / cysteine-S-conjugate beta-lyase / glutamine---phenylpyruvate transaminase [EC:2.6.1.7 4.4.1.13 2.6.1.64] K01760 cysteine-S-conjugate beta-lyase [EC:4.4.1.13] K14155 cysteine-S-conjugate beta-lyase [EC:4.4.1.13] K21623 L-cystine beta-lyase [EC:4.4.1.35] K01697 cystathionine beta-synthase [EC:4.2.1.22] K17216 cystathionine beta-synthase (O-acetyl-L-serine) [EC:2.5.1.134] K00544 betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.5] K00547 homocysteine S-methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.10] K00548 5-methyltetrahydrofolate--homocysteine methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.13] K24042 methionine synthase / methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADH) [EC:2.1.1.13 1.5.1.54] K00549 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate--homocysteine methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.14] K00789 S-adenosylmethionine synthetase [EC:2.5.1.6] K01611 S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase [EC:4.1.1.50] K00797 spermidine synthase [EC:2.5.1.16] K24034 spermidine synthase / saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, L-glutamate-forming) [EC:2.5.1.16 1.5.1.10] K00802 spermine synthase [EC:2.5.1.22] K13060 acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184] K13061 acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184] K13062 acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184] K20248 acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184] K20249 acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184] K20250 acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184] K22954 acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184] K22955 acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184] K22956 acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184] K22957 acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184] K22968 acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184] K05953 nicotianamine synthase [EC:2.5.1.43] K01243 adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase [EC:3.2.2.9] K18284 adenosylhomocysteine/aminodeoxyfutalosine nucleosidase [EC:3.2.2.9 3.2.2.30] K01244 5'-methylthioadenosine nucleosidase [EC:3.2.2.16] K00899 5-methylthioribose kinase [EC:2.7.1.100] K00772 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase [EC:2.4.2.28] K05810 purine-nucleoside/S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine phosphorylase / adenosine deaminase [EC:2.4.2.1 2.4.2.28 3.5.4.4] K12960 5-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine deaminase [EC:3.5.4.31 3.5.4.28] K19696 5'-methylthioinosine phosphorylase [EC:2.4.2.44] K08963 methylthioribose-1-phosphate isomerase [EC:5.3.1.23] K08964 methylthioribulose-1-phosphate dehydratase [EC:4.2.1.109] K16054 methylthioribulose 1-phosphate dehydratase / enolase-phosphatase E1 [EC:4.2.1.109 3.1.3.77] K08965 2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate enolase [EC:5.3.2.5] K08966 2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate phosphatase [EC:3.1.3.87] K09880 enolase-phosphatase E1 [EC:3.1.3.77] K08967 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene dioxygenase [EC:1.13.11.53 1.13.11.54] K00832 aromatic-amino-acid transaminase [EC:2.6.1.57] K00838 aromatic amino acid aminotransferase I / 2-aminoadipate transaminase [EC:2.6.1.57 2.6.1.39 2.6.1.27 2.6.1.5] K08969 L-glutamine---4-(methylsulfanyl)-2-oxobutanoate aminotransferase [EC:2.6.1.117] K23977 L-glutamine---4-(methylsulfanyl)-2-oxobutanoate aminotransferase [EC:2.6.1.117] K00815 tyrosine aminotransferase [EC:2.6.1.5] K03334 L-amino-acid oxidase [EC:1.4.3.2] K00837 aromatic aminotransferase [EC:2.6.1.-] K25035 S-methyl-5-thioribulose 1-phosphate isomerase [EC:5.3.3.23] K01767 S-methyl-1-thioxylulose 5-phosphate methylthiotransferase [EC:2.8.4.6] K01761 methionine-gamma-lyase [EC:4.4.1.11] K08968 L-methionine (R)-S-oxide reductase [EC:1.8.4.14] K00552 glycine N-methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.20] K00558 DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 [EC:2.1.1.37] K17398 DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A [EC:2.1.1.37] K17399 DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3B [EC:2.1.1.37] K17462 putative AdoMet-dependent methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.-] K01251 adenosylhomocysteinase [EC:3.13.2.1] K01566 S-inosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase [EC:3.13.1.9] K07173 S-ribosylhomocysteine lyase [EC:4.4.1.21] K20772 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 1/2/6 [EC:4.4.1.14] K01762 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase [EC:4.4.1.14] K05933 aminocyclopropanecarboxylate oxidase [EC:1.14.17.4] K01505 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase [EC:3.5.99.7] K00928 aspartate kinase [EC:2.7.2.4] K12524 bifunctional aspartokinase / homoserine dehydrogenase 1 [EC:2.7.2.4 1.1.1.3] K12525 bifunctional aspartokinase / homoserine dehydrogenase 2 [EC:2.7.2.4 1.1.1.3] K12526 bifunctional diaminopimelate decarboxylase / aspartate kinase [EC:4.1.1.20 2.7.2.4] K00133 aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [EC:1.2.1.11] K00003 homoserine dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.3] K00872 homoserine kinase [EC:2.7.1.39] K27857 plant cystathionine gamma-synthase [EC:2.5.1.160] K23975 L-aspartate semialdehyde sulfurtransferase [EC:2.8.1.16] K23976 L-aspartate semialdehyde sulfurtransferase ferredoxin K00651 homoserine O-succinyltransferase/O-acetyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.46 2.3.1.31] K00641 homoserine O-acetyltransferase/O-succinyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.31 2.3.1.46] K01739 cystathionine gamma-synthase [EC:2.5.1.48] K01740 O-acetylhomoserine (thiol)-lyase [EC:2.5.1.49] K10764 O-succinylhomoserine sulfhydrylase [EC:2.5.1.-] K00826 branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase [EC:2.6.1.42] K00827 alanine-glyoxylate transaminase / (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate-pyruvate transaminase [EC:2.6.1.44 2.6.1.40] K11204 glutamate--cysteine ligase catalytic subunit [EC:6.3.2.2] K11205 glutamate--cysteine ligase regulatory subunit K01919 glutamate--cysteine ligase [EC:6.3.2.2] K01920 glutathione synthase [EC:6.3.2.3] K21456 glutathione synthase [EC:6.3.2.3] K00456 cysteine dioxygenase [EC:1.13.11.20] K14454 aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic [EC:2.6.1.1] K14455 aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial [EC:2.6.1.1] K00811 aspartate aminotransferase, chloroplastic [EC:2.6.1.1] K00812 aspartate aminotransferase [EC:2.6.1.1] K00813 aspartate aminotransferase [EC:2.6.1.1] K11358 aspartate aminotransferase [EC:2.6.1.1] K01011 thiosulfate/3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase [EC:2.8.1.1 2.8.1.2] K00016 L-lactate dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.27] K09758 aspartate 4-decarboxylase [EC:4.1.1.12] K25316 amino-acid racemase [EC:5.1.1.10] K25317 amino-acid racemase [EC:5.1.1.10] K05396 D-cysteine desulfhydrase [EC:4.4.1.15] K22207 L-cysteine desulfhydrase [EC:4.4.1.28] K20021 L-cysteine desulfidase [EC:4.4.1.28] K16843 (S)-sulfolactate dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.310] K00024 malate dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.37] K00025 malate dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.37] K00026 malate dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.37] K16844 (2R)-3-sulfolactate dehydrogenase (NADP+) [EC:1.1.1.338] K16845 (2R)-sulfolactate sulfo-lyase subunit alpha [EC:4.4.1.24] K16846 (2R)-sulfolactate sulfo-lyase subunit beta [EC:4.4.1.24] K17950 L-cysteate sulfo-lyase [EC:4.4.1.25] K01752 L-serine dehydratase [EC:4.3.1.17] K17989 L-serine/L-threonine ammonia-lyase [EC:4.3.1.17 4.3.1.19] K12339 S-sulfo-L-cysteine synthase (O-acetyl-L-serine-dependent) [EC:2.5.1.144] K22846 S-sulfo-L-cysteine synthase (O-acetyl-L-serine-dependent) [EC:2.5.1.144] K00058 D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase / 2-oxoglutarate reductase [EC:1.1.1.95 1.1.1.399] K00831 phosphoserine aminotransferase [EC:2.6.1.52] K23370 L-serine kinase (ADP) [EC:2.7.1.226] K22847 S-sulfo-L-cysteine synthase (3-phospho-L-serine-dependent) [EC:2.8.5.1] COMPOUND C00019 S-Adenosyl-L-methionine C00021 S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine C00022 Pyruvate C00041 L-Alanine C00049 L-Aspartate C00051 Glutathione C00059 Sulfate C00065 L-Serine C00073 L-Methionine C00094 Sulfite C00097 L-Cysteine C00109 2-Oxobutanoate C00155 L-Homocysteine C00170 5'-Methylthioadenosine C00197 3-Phospho-D-glycerate C00263 L-Homoserine C00283 Hydrogen sulfide C00409 Methanethiol C00441 L-Aspartate 4-semialdehyde C00491 L-Cystine C00506 L-Cysteate C00606 3-Sulfino-L-alanine C00793 D-Cysteine C00957 Mercaptopyruvate C00979 O-Acetyl-L-serine C01005 O-Phospho-L-serine C01077 O-Acetyl-L-homoserine C01102 O-Phospho-L-homoserine C01118 O-Succinyl-L-homoserine C01137 S-Adenosylmethioninamine C01180 4-Methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid C01234 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate C01817 L-Homocystine C01962 Thiocysteine C02218 Dehydroalanine C02291 L-Cystathionine C02356 (S)-2-Aminobutanoate C02989 L-Methionine S-oxide C03082 4-Phospho-L-aspartate C03089 5-Methylthio-D-ribose C03145 N-Formylmethionine C03232 3-Phosphonooxypyruvate C03431 S-Inosyl-L-homocysteine C03539 S-Ribosyl-L-homocysteine C04188 S-Methyl-5-thio-D-ribose 1-phosphate C04582 S-Methyl-5-thio-D-ribulose 1-phosphate C05324 Nicotianamine C05524 Aminoacyl-L-methionine C05526 S-Glutathionyl-L-cysteine C05527 3-Sulfinylpyruvate C05528 3-Sulfopyruvate C05823 3-Mercaptolactate C05824 S-Sulfo-L-cysteine C06547 Ethylene C08276 3-(Methylthio)propanoate C09306 Sulfur dioxide C11437 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate C11481 HSO3- C11499 (S)-3-Sulfolactate C11537 (2R)-3-Sulfolactate C15606 1,2-Dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one C15650 2,3-Diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate C15651 2-Hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate C18049 N-Acyl-L-homoserine lactone C19787 5'-S-Methyl-5'-thioinosine C21015 gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-2-aminobutyrate C21016 Ophthalmate C22359 S-Methyl-1-thio-D-xylulose 5-phosphate REFERENCE PMID:15102328 AUTHORS Sekowska A, Denervaud V, Ashida H, Michoud K, Haas D, Yokota A, Danchin A TITLE Bacterial variations on the methionine salvage pathway. JOURNAL BMC Microbiol 4:9 (2004) DOI:10.1186/1471-2180-4-9 REFERENCE PMID:14551435 AUTHORS Ashida H, Saito Y, Kojima C, Kobayashi K, Ogasawara N, Yokota A. TITLE A functional link between RuBisCO-like protein of Bacillus and photosynthetic RuBisCO. JOURNAL Science 302:286-90 (2003) DOI:10.1126/science.1086997 REFERENCE PMID:12022921 AUTHORS Sekowska A, Danchin A. TITLE The methionine salvage pathway in Bacillus subtilis. JOURNAL BMC Microbiol 2:8 (2002) DOI:10.1186/1471-2180-2-8 REFERENCE PMID:12670965 AUTHORS Berger BJ, English S, Chan G, Knodel MH. TITLE Methionine regeneration and aminotransferases in Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus anthracis. JOURNAL J Bacteriol 185:2418-31 (2003) DOI:10.1128/JB.185.8.2418-2431.2003 REFERENCE PMID:17169919 AUTHORS Goyer A, Collakova E, Shachar-Hill Y, Hanson AD TITLE Functional characterization of a methionine gamma-lyase in Arabidopsis and its implication in an alternative to the reverse trans-sulfuration pathway. JOURNAL Plant Cell Physiol 48:232-42 (2007) DOI:10.1093/pcp/pcl055 REFERENCE PMID:17030798 AUTHORS Rebeille F, Jabrin S, Bligny R, Loizeau K, Gambonnet B, Van Wilder V, Douce R, Ravanel S TITLE Methionine catabolism in Arabidopsis cells is initiated by a gamma-cleavage process and leads to S-methylcysteine and isoleucine syntheses. JOURNAL Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:15687-92 (2006) DOI:10.1073/pnas.0606195103 REFERENCE PMID:18625006 AUTHORS Pirkov I, Norbeck J, Gustafsson L, Albers E TITLE A complete inventory of all enzymes in the eukaryotic methionine salvage pathway. JOURNAL FEBS J 275:4111-20 (2008) DOI:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06552.x REFERENCE PMID:18391471 AUTHORS Ashida H, Saito Y, Kojima C, Yokota A TITLE Enzymatic characterization of 5-methylthioribulose-1-phosphate dehydratase of the methionine salvage pathway in Bacillus subtilis. JOURNAL Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 72:959-67 (2008) DOI:10.1271/bbb.70651 REFERENCE PMID:10613873 AUTHORS Kitabatake M, So MW, Tumbula DL, Soll D TITLE Cysteine biosynthesis pathway in the archaeon Methanosarcina barkeri encoded by acquired bacterial genes? JOURNAL J Bacteriol 182:143-5 (2000) DOI:10.1128/JB.182.1.143-145.2000 REFERENCE PMID:12644499 AUTHORS Mino K, Ishikawa K TITLE Characterization of a novel thermostable O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase from Aeropyrum pernix K1. JOURNAL J Bacteriol 185:2277-84 (2003) DOI:10.1128/JB.185.7.2277-2284.2003 REFERENCE PMID:18520135 AUTHORS Tanabe S TITLE Development of assay methods for endogenous inorganic sulfur compounds and sulfurtransferases and evaluation of the physiological functions of bound sulfur. JOURNAL Yakugaku Zasshi 128:881-900 (2008) DOI:10.1248/yakushi.128.881 REFERENCE AUTHORS Nishizuka Y, Seyama Y, Ikai A, Ishimura Y, Kawaguchi A (eds). TITLE [Cellular Functions and Metabolic Maps] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Tokyo Kagaku Dojin (1997) REFERENCE PMID:19270684 AUTHORS Gutierrez JA, Crowder T, Rinaldo-Matthis A, Ho MC, Almo SC, Schramm VL TITLE Transition state analogs of 5'-methylthioadenosine nucleosidase disrupt quorum sensing. JOURNAL Nat Chem Biol 5:251-7 (2009) DOI:10.1038/nchembio.153 REL_PATHWAY ko00010 Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis ko00250 Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism ko00260 Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism ko00290 Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis ko00430 Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism ko00480 Glutathione metabolism ko00620 Pyruvate metabolism ko00640 Propanoate metabolism ko00770 Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis ko00900 Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis ko00920 Sulfur metabolism ///