ENTRY ko00270 Pathway NAME Cysteine and methionine metabolism DESCRIPTION Cysteine and methionine are sulfur-containing amino acids. Cysteine is synthesized from serine through different pathways in different organism groups. In bacteria and plants, cysteine is converted from serine (via acetylserine) by transfer of hydrogen sulfide [MD:M00021]. In animals, methionine-derived homocysteine is used as sulfur source and its condensation product with serine (cystathionine) is converted to cysteine [MD:M00338]. Cysteine is metabolized to pyruvate in multiple routes. Methionine is an essential amino acid, which animals cannot synthesize. In bacteria and plants, methionine is synthesized from aspartate [MD:M00017]. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM), synthesized from methionine and ATP, is a methyl group donor in many important transfer reactions including DNA methylation for regulation of gene expression. SAM may also be used to regenerate methionine in the methionine salvage pathway [MD:M00034]. CLASS Metabolism; Amino acid metabolism PATHWAY_MAP ko00270 Cysteine and methionine metabolism MODULE M00017 Methionine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => methionine [PATH:ko00270] M00021 Cysteine biosynthesis, serine => cysteine [PATH:ko00270] M00034 Methionine salvage pathway [PATH:ko00270] M00035 Methionine degradation [PATH:ko00270] M00338 Cysteine biosynthesis, homocysteine + serine => cysteine [PATH:ko00270] M00368 Ethylene biosynthesis, methionine => ethylene [PATH:ko00270] M00609 Cysteine biosynthesis, methionine => cysteine [PATH:ko00270] DBLINKS GO: 0006534 0006555 ORTHOLOGY K00003 hom; homoserine dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.3] K00016 LDH; L-lactate dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.27] K00024 mdh; malate dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.37] K00025 MDH1; malate dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.37] K00026 MDH2; malate dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.37] K00058 serA, PHGDH; D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase / 2-oxoglutarate reductase [EC:1.1.1.95 1.1.1.399] K00133 asd; aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [EC:1.2.1.11] K00456 CDO1; cysteine dioxygenase [EC:1.13.11.20] K00544 BHMT; betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.5] K00547 mmuM, BHMT2; homocysteine S-methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.10] K00548 metH, MTR; 5-methyltetrahydrofolate--homocysteine methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.13] K00549 metE; 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate--homocysteine methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.14] K00552 GNMT; glycine N-methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.20] K00558 DNMT1, dcm; DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 [EC:2.1.1.37] K00640 cysE; serine O-acetyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.30] K00641 metX; homoserine O-acetyltransferase/O-succinyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.31 2.3.1.46] K00651 metA; homoserine O-succinyltransferase/O-acetyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.46 2.3.1.31] K00772 mtaP; 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase [EC:2.4.2.28] K00789 metK, MAT; S-adenosylmethionine synthetase [EC:2.5.1.6] K00797 speE, SRM, SPE3; spermidine synthase [EC:2.5.1.16] K00802 SMS; spermine synthase [EC:2.5.1.22] K00811 ASP5; aspartate aminotransferase, chloroplastic [EC:2.6.1.1] K00812 aspB; aspartate aminotransferase [EC:2.6.1.1] K00813 aspC; aspartate aminotransferase [EC:2.6.1.1] K00815 TAT; tyrosine aminotransferase [EC:2.6.1.5] K00816 CCBL; kynurenine---oxoglutarate transaminase / cysteine-S-conjugate beta-lyase / glutamine---phenylpyruvate transaminase [EC:2.6.1.7 4.4.1.13 2.6.1.64] K00826 E2.6.1.42, ilvE; branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase [EC:2.6.1.42] K00827 AGXT2; alanine-glyoxylate transaminase / (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate-pyruvate transaminase [EC:2.6.1.44 2.6.1.40] K00831 serC, PSAT1; phosphoserine aminotransferase [EC:2.6.1.52] K00832 tyrB; aromatic-amino-acid transaminase [EC:2.6.1.57] K00837 ISS1, VAS1; aromatic aminotransferase K00838 ARO8; aromatic amino acid aminotransferase I / 2-aminoadipate transaminase [EC:2.6.1.57 2.6.1.39 2.6.1.27 2.6.1.5] K00872 thrB; homoserine kinase [EC:2.7.1.39] K00899 mtnK; 5-methylthioribose kinase [EC:2.7.1.100] K00928 lysC; aspartate kinase [EC:2.7.2.4] K01011 TST, MPST, sseA; thiosulfate/3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase [EC:2.8.1.1 2.8.1.2] K01243 mtnN, mtn, pfs; adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase [EC:3.2.2.9] K01244 MTN; 5'-methylthioadenosine nucleosidase [EC:3.2.2.16] K01251 AHCY; adenosylhomocysteinase [EC:3.13.2.1] K01505 E3.5.99.7; 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase [EC:3.5.99.7] K01566 E3.13.1.9; S-inosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase K01611 speD, AMD1; S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase [EC:4.1.1.50] K01697 CBS; cystathionine beta-synthase [EC:4.2.1.22] K01738 cysK; cysteine synthase [EC:2.5.1.47] K01739 metB; cystathionine gamma-synthase [EC:2.5.1.48] K01740 metY; O-acetylhomoserine (thiol)-lyase [EC:2.5.1.49] K01752 E4.3.1.17, sdaA, sdaB, tdcG; L-serine dehydratase [EC:4.3.1.17] K01758 CTH; cystathionine gamma-lyase [EC:4.4.1.1] K01760 metC; cysteine-S-conjugate beta-lyase [EC:4.4.1.13] K01761 E4.4.1.11; methionine-gamma-lyase [EC:4.4.1.11] K01762 ACS; 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase [EC:4.4.1.14] K01767 cupin; S-methyl-1-thioxylulose 5-phosphate methylthiotransferase K01919 gshA, egtA; glutamate---cysteine ligase [EC:6.3.2.2] K03334 IL4I1; L-amino-acid oxidase [EC:1.4.3.2] K05396 dcyD; D-cysteine desulfhydrase [EC:4.4.1.15] K05810 LACC1, yfiH; purine-nucleoside/S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine phosphorylase / adenosine deaminase [EC:2.4.2.1 2.4.2.28 3.5.4.4] K05933 E1.14.17.4; aminocyclopropanecarboxylate oxidase [EC:1.14.17.4] K05953 NAS; nicotianamine synthase [EC:2.5.1.43] K07173 luxS; S-ribosylhomocysteine lyase [EC:4.4.1.21] K08963 mtnA; methylthioribose-1-phosphate isomerase [EC:5.3.1.23] K08964 mtnB; methylthioribulose-1-phosphate dehydratase [EC:4.2.1.109] K08965 mtnW; 2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate enolase [EC:5.3.2.5] K08966 mtnX; 2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate phosphatase [EC:3.1.3.87] K08967 mtnD, mtnZ, ADI1; 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene dioxygenase [EC:1.13.11.53 1.13.11.54] K08968 msrC; L-methionine (R)-S-oxide reductase [EC:1.8.4.14] K08969 mtnE, mtnV; L-glutamine---4-(methylsulfanyl)-2-oxobutanoate aminotransferase [EC:2.6.1.117] K09758 asdA; aspartate 4-decarboxylase [EC:4.1.1.12] K09880 mtnC, ENOPH1; enolase-phosphatase E1 [EC:3.1.3.77] K10150 cysO; cysteine synthase / O-phosphoserine sulfhydrylase / cystathionine beta-synthase [EC:2.5.1.47 2.5.1.65 4.2.1.22] K10764 metZ; O-succinylhomoserine sulfhydrylase [EC:2.5.1.-] K11204 GCLC; glutamate---cysteine ligase catalytic subunit [EC:6.3.2.2] K11205 GCLM; glutamate---cysteine ligase regulatory subunit K11358 yhdR; aspartate aminotransferase [EC:2.6.1.1] K12339 cysM; S-sulfo-L-cysteine synthase (O-acetyl-L-serine-dependent) [EC:2.5.1.144] K12524 thrA; bifunctional aspartokinase / homoserine dehydrogenase 1 [EC:2.7.2.4 1.1.1.3] K12525 metL; bifunctional aspartokinase / homoserine dehydrogenase 2 [EC:2.7.2.4 1.1.1.3] K12526 lysAC; bifunctional diaminopimelate decarboxylase / aspartate kinase [EC:4.1.1.20 2.7.2.4] K12960 mtaD; 5-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine deaminase [EC:3.5.4.31 3.5.4.28] K13034 ATCYSC1; L-3-cyanoalanine synthase/ cysteine synthase [EC:2.5.1.47 4.4.1.9] K13060 lasI; acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184] K13061 rhlI, phzI, solI, cepI, tofI; acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184] K13062 ainS, luxM; acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184] K14155 patB, malY; cysteine-S-conjugate beta-lyase [EC:4.4.1.13] K14454 GOT1, AAT2; aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic [EC:2.6.1.1] K14455 GOT2; aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial [EC:2.6.1.1] K16054 DEP1; methylthioribulose 1-phosphate dehydratase / enolase-phosphatase E1 [EC:4.2.1.109 3.1.3.77] K16843 slcC; (S)-sulfolactate dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.310] K16844 comC; (2R)-3-sulfolactate dehydrogenase (NADP+) [EC:1.1.1.338] K16845 suyA; (2R)-sulfolactate sulfo-lyase subunit alpha [EC:4.4.1.24] K16846 suyB; (2R)-sulfolactate sulfo-lyase subunit beta [EC:4.4.1.24] K17069 MET17; O-acetylhomoserine/O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase [EC:2.5.1.49 2.5.1.47] K17216 mccA; cystathionine beta-synthase (O-acetyl-L-serine) [EC:2.5.1.134] K17217 mccB; cystathionine gamma-lyase / homocysteine desulfhydrase [EC:4.4.1.1 4.4.1.2] K17398 DNMT3A; DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A [EC:2.1.1.37] K17399 DNMT3B; DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3B [EC:2.1.1.37] K17462 yrrT; putative AdoMet-dependent methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.-] K17950 cuyA; L-cysteate sulfo-lyase [EC:4.4.1.25] K17989 SDS, SDH, CHA1; L-serine/L-threonine ammonia-lyase [EC:4.3.1.17 4.3.1.19] K18284 K18284; adenosylhomocysteine/aminodeoxyfutalosine nucleosidase [EC:3.2.2.9 3.2.2.30] K19696 mtiP; 5'-methylthioinosine phosphorylase [EC:2.4.2.44] K20021 E4.4.1.28; L-cysteine desulfidase [EC:4.4.1.28] K20248 cinI; acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184] K20249 raiI; acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184] K20250 cciI; acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184] K20772 ACS1_2_6; 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 1/2/6 [EC:4.4.1.14] K21456 GSS; glutathione synthase [EC:6.3.2.3] K21623 CORI3; L-cystine beta-lyase [EC:4.4.1.35] K22207 LCD; L-cysteine desulfhydrase [EC:4.4.1.28] K22846 CS26; S-sulfo-L-cysteine synthase (O-acetyl-L-serine-dependent) [EC:2.5.1.144] K22847 cysK2; S-sulfo-L-cysteine synthase (3-phospho-L-serine-dependent) [EC:2.8.5.1] K22954 luxI; acyl homoserine lactone synthase K22955 traI, avsI; acyl homoserine lactone synthase K22956 expI, esaI; acyl homoserine lactone synthase K22957 cviI; acyl homoserine lactone synthase K22968 sinI, avsI; acyl homoserine lactone synthase K23304 cysE; serine O-acetyltransferase K23370 serK; L-serine kinase (ADP) K23885 CISD1; cysteine transaminase K23975 E2.8.1.16; L-aspartate semialdehyde sulfurtransferase K23976 K23976; L-aspartate semialdehyde sulfurtransferase ferredoxin K23977 GTK; L-glutamine---4-(methylsulfanyl)-2-oxobutanoate aminotransferase K24034 SPE3-LYS9; spermidine synthase / saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, L-glutamate-forming) K24042 yitJ; methionine synthase / methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADH) K25035 rlp; S-methyl-5-thioribulose 1-phosphate isomerase K25316 racX, ygeA; amino-acid racemase K25317 alr, bsrV; amino-acid racemase K27857 CGS1; plant cystathionine gamma-synthase K28205 E2.6.1.52; phosphoserine transaminase K28981 cds1; L-cysteine desulfidase COMPOUND C00019 S-Adenosyl-L-methionine C00021 S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine C00022 Pyruvate C00041 L-Alanine C00049 L-Aspartate C00051 Glutathione C00059 Sulfate C00065 L-Serine C00073 L-Methionine C00094 Sulfite C00097 L-Cysteine C00109 2-Oxobutanoate C00155 L-Homocysteine C00170 5'-Methylthioadenosine C00197 3-Phospho-D-glycerate C00263 L-Homoserine C00283 Hydrogen sulfide C00409 Methanethiol C00441 L-Aspartate 4-semialdehyde C00491 L-Cystine C00506 L-Cysteate C00606 3-Sulfino-L-alanine C00793 D-Cysteine C00957 Mercaptopyruvate C00979 O-Acetyl-L-serine C01005 O-Phospho-L-serine C01077 O-Acetyl-L-homoserine C01102 O-Phospho-L-homoserine C01118 O-Succinyl-L-homoserine C01137 S-Adenosylmethioninamine C01180 4-Methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid C01234 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate C01817 L-Homocystine C01962 Thiocysteine C02218 Dehydroalanine C02291 L-Cystathionine C02356 (S)-2-Aminobutanoate C02989 L-Methionine S-oxide C03082 4-Phospho-L-aspartate C03089 5-Methylthio-D-ribose C03145 N-Formylmethionine C03232 3-Phosphonooxypyruvate C03431 S-Inosyl-L-homocysteine C03539 S-Ribosyl-L-homocysteine C04188 S-Methyl-5-thio-D-ribose 1-phosphate C04582 S-Methyl-5-thio-D-ribulose 1-phosphate C05324 Nicotianamine C05524 Aminoacyl-L-methionine C05526 S-Glutathionyl-L-cysteine C05527 3-Sulfinylpyruvate C05528 3-Sulfopyruvate C05823 3-Mercaptolactate C05824 S-Sulfo-L-cysteine C06547 Ethylene C08276 3-(Methylthio)propanoate C09306 Sulfur dioxide C11437 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate C11481 HSO3- C11499 (S)-3-Sulfolactate C11537 (2R)-3-Sulfolactate C15606 1,2-Dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one C15650 2,3-Diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate C15651 2-Hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate C18049 N-Acyl-L-homoserine lactone C19787 5'-S-Methyl-5'-thioinosine C21015 gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-2-aminobutyrate C21016 Ophthalmate C22359 S-Methyl-1-thio-D-xylulose 5-phosphate REFERENCE PMID:15102328 AUTHORS Sekowska A, Denervaud V, Ashida H, Michoud K, Haas D, Yokota A, Danchin A TITLE Bacterial variations on the methionine salvage pathway. JOURNAL BMC Microbiol 4:9 (2004) DOI:10.1186/1471-2180-4-9 REFERENCE PMID:14551435 AUTHORS Ashida H, Saito Y, Kojima C, Kobayashi K, Ogasawara N, Yokota A. TITLE A functional link between RuBisCO-like protein of Bacillus and photosynthetic RuBisCO. JOURNAL Science 302:286-90 (2003) DOI:10.1126/science.1086997 REFERENCE PMID:12022921 AUTHORS Sekowska A, Danchin A. TITLE The methionine salvage pathway in Bacillus subtilis. JOURNAL BMC Microbiol 2:8 (2002) DOI:10.1186/1471-2180-2-8 REFERENCE PMID:12670965 AUTHORS Berger BJ, English S, Chan G, Knodel MH. TITLE Methionine regeneration and aminotransferases in Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus anthracis. JOURNAL J Bacteriol 185:2418-31 (2003) DOI:10.1128/JB.185.8.2418-2431.2003 REFERENCE PMID:17169919 AUTHORS Goyer A, Collakova E, Shachar-Hill Y, Hanson AD TITLE Functional characterization of a methionine gamma-lyase in Arabidopsis and its implication in an alternative to the reverse trans-sulfuration pathway. JOURNAL Plant Cell Physiol 48:232-42 (2007) DOI:10.1093/pcp/pcl055 REFERENCE PMID:17030798 AUTHORS Rebeille F, Jabrin S, Bligny R, Loizeau K, Gambonnet B, Van Wilder V, Douce R, Ravanel S TITLE Methionine catabolism in Arabidopsis cells is initiated by a gamma-cleavage process and leads to S-methylcysteine and isoleucine syntheses. JOURNAL Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:15687-92 (2006) DOI:10.1073/pnas.0606195103 REFERENCE PMID:18625006 AUTHORS Pirkov I, Norbeck J, Gustafsson L, Albers E TITLE A complete inventory of all enzymes in the eukaryotic methionine salvage pathway. JOURNAL FEBS J 275:4111-20 (2008) DOI:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06552.x REFERENCE PMID:18391471 AUTHORS Ashida H, Saito Y, Kojima C, Yokota A TITLE Enzymatic characterization of 5-methylthioribulose-1-phosphate dehydratase of the methionine salvage pathway in Bacillus subtilis. JOURNAL Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 72:959-67 (2008) DOI:10.1271/bbb.70651 REFERENCE PMID:10613873 AUTHORS Kitabatake M, So MW, Tumbula DL, Soll D TITLE Cysteine biosynthesis pathway in the archaeon Methanosarcina barkeri encoded by acquired bacterial genes? JOURNAL J Bacteriol 182:143-5 (2000) DOI:10.1128/JB.182.1.143-145.2000 REFERENCE PMID:12644499 AUTHORS Mino K, Ishikawa K TITLE Characterization of a novel thermostable O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase from Aeropyrum pernix K1. JOURNAL J Bacteriol 185:2277-84 (2003) DOI:10.1128/JB.185.7.2277-2284.2003 REFERENCE PMID:18520135 AUTHORS Tanabe S TITLE Development of assay methods for endogenous inorganic sulfur compounds and sulfurtransferases and evaluation of the physiological functions of bound sulfur. JOURNAL Yakugaku Zasshi 128:881-900 (2008) DOI:10.1248/yakushi.128.881 REFERENCE AUTHORS Nishizuka Y, Seyama Y, Ikai A, Ishimura Y, Kawaguchi A (eds). TITLE [Cellular Functions and Metabolic Maps] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Tokyo Kagaku Dojin (1997) REFERENCE PMID:19270684 AUTHORS Gutierrez JA, Crowder T, Rinaldo-Matthis A, Ho MC, Almo SC, Schramm VL TITLE Transition state analogs of 5'-methylthioadenosine nucleosidase disrupt quorum sensing. JOURNAL Nat Chem Biol 5:251-7 (2009) DOI:10.1038/nchembio.153 REL_PATHWAY ko00010 Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis ko00250 Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism ko00260 Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism ko00290 Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis ko00430 Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism ko00480 Glutathione metabolism ko00620 Pyruvate metabolism ko00640 Propanoate metabolism ko00770 Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis ko00900 Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis ko00920 Sulfur metabolism ///