ENTRY ko00260 Pathway NAME Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism DESCRIPTION Serine is derived from 3-phospho-D-glycerate, an intermediate of glycolysis [MD:M00020], and glycine is derived from serine. Threonine is an essential amino acid, which animals cannot synthesize. In bacteria and plants, threonine is derived from aspartate [MD:M00018]. CLASS Metabolism; Amino acid metabolism PATHWAY_MAP ko00260 Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism MODULE M00018 Threonine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => threonine [PATH:ko00260] M00020 Serine biosynthesis, glycerate-3P => serine [PATH:ko00260] M00033 Ectoine biosynthesis, aspartate => ectoine [PATH:ko00260] M00047 Creatine pathway [PATH:ko00260] M00338 Cysteine biosynthesis, homocysteine + serine => cysteine [PATH:ko00260] M00555 Betaine biosynthesis, choline => betaine [PATH:ko00260] M00621 Glycine cleavage system [PATH:ko00260] M00919 Ectoine degradation, ectoine => aspartate [PATH:ko00260] M00974 Betaine metabolism, animals, betaine => glycine [PATH:ko00260] M00975 Betaine degradation, bacteria, betaine => pyruvate [PATH:ko00260] DBLINKS GO: 0006544 0006563 0070178 0006566 ORTHOLOGY K00928 aspartate kinase [EC:2.7.2.4] K12524 bifunctional aspartokinase / homoserine dehydrogenase 1 [EC:2.7.2.4 1.1.1.3] K12525 bifunctional aspartokinase / homoserine dehydrogenase 2 [EC:2.7.2.4 1.1.1.3] K12526 bifunctional diaminopimelate decarboxylase / aspartate kinase [EC:4.1.1.20 2.7.2.4] K00133 aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [EC:1.2.1.11] K00003 homoserine dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.3] K00872 homoserine kinase [EC:2.7.1.39] K02204 homoserine kinase type II [EC:2.7.1.39] K02203 phosphoserine / homoserine phosphotransferase [EC:3.1.3.3 2.7.1.39] K01733 threonine synthase [EC:4.2.3.1] K01620 threonine aldolase [EC:4.1.2.48] K00600 glycine hydroxymethyltransferase [EC:2.1.2.1] K00830 alanine-glyoxylate transaminase / serine-glyoxylate transaminase / serine-pyruvate transaminase [EC:2.6.1.44 2.6.1.45 2.6.1.51] K00018 glycerate dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.29] K15893 glycerate dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.29] K15919 glyoxylate/hydroxypyruvate reductase [EC:1.1.1.79 1.1.1.81] K00049 glyoxylate/hydroxypyruvate reductase [EC:1.1.1.79 1.1.1.81] K12972 glyoxylate/hydroxypyruvate reductase [EC:1.1.1.79 1.1.1.81] K00090 glyoxylate/hydroxypyruvate/2-ketogluconate reductase [EC:1.1.1.79 1.1.1.81 1.1.1.215] K22982 hydroxypyruvate reductase [EC:1.1.1.81] K00865 glycerate 2-kinase [EC:2.7.1.165] K11529 glycerate 2-kinase [EC:2.7.1.165] K01834 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase [EC:5.4.2.11] K15634 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase [EC:5.4.2.11] K01837 bisphosphoglycerate/phosphoglycerate mutase [EC:5.4.2.4 5.4.2.11] K15633 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase [EC:5.4.2.12] K15635 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase [EC:5.4.2.12] K15918 D-glycerate 3-kinase [EC:2.7.1.31] K00058 D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase / 2-oxoglutarate reductase [EC:1.1.1.95 1.1.1.399] K00831 phosphoserine aminotransferase [EC:2.6.1.52] K01079 phosphoserine phosphatase [EC:3.1.3.3] K22305 phosphoserine phosphatase [EC:3.1.3.3] K25528 phosphoserine phosphatase [EC:3.1.3.3] K13290 serine---pyruvate transaminase [EC:2.6.1.51] K20801 L-allo-threonine aldolase [EC:4.1.2.49] K16066 3-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase / malonic semialdehyde reductase [EC:1.1.1.381 1.1.1.-] K00639 glycine C-acetyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.29] K00060 threonine 3-dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.103] K15789 threonine 3-dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.103] K00643 5-aminolevulinate synthase [EC:2.3.1.37] K00274 monoamine oxidase [EC:1.4.3.4] K00276 primary-amine oxidase [EC:1.4.3.21] K00281 glycine cleavage system P protein (glycine dehydrogenase) [EC:1.4.4.2] K00282 glycine cleavage system P protein (glycine dehydrogenase) subunit 1 [EC:1.4.4.2] K00283 glycine cleavage system P protein (glycine dehydrogenase) subunit 2 [EC:1.4.4.2] K00605 glycine cleavage system T protein (aminomethyltransferase) [EC:2.1.2.10] K00382 dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase [EC:1.8.1.4] K02437 glycine cleavage system H protein K00273 D-amino-acid oxidase [EC:1.4.3.3] K00827 alanine-glyoxylate transaminase / (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate-pyruvate transaminase [EC:2.6.1.44 2.6.1.40] K14272 glutamate--glyoxylate aminotransferase [EC:2.6.1.4 2.6.1.2 2.6.1.44] K00613 glycine amidinotransferase [EC:2.1.4.1] K00542 guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.2] K08688 creatinase [EC:3.5.3.3] K00998 CDP-diacylglycerol---serine O-phosphatidyltransferase [EC:2.7.8.8] K17103 CDP-diacylglycerol---serine O-phosphatidyltransferase [EC:2.7.8.8] K00499 choline monooxygenase [EC:1.14.15.7] K00108 choline dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.99.1] K11440 choline dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.1] K17755 choline oxidase [EC:1.1.3.17] K00130 betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase [EC:1.2.1.8] K14085 aldehyde dehydrogenase family 7 member A1 [EC:1.2.1.31 1.2.1.8 1.2.1.3] K00544 betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.5] K25220 glycine betaine---corrinoid protein Co-methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.376] K00479 glycine betaine monooxygenase A [EC:1.14.13.251] K21832 glycine betaine monooxygenase B [EC:1.14.13.251] K00309 dimethylglycine oxidase [EC:1.5.3.10] K00315 dimethylglycine dehydrogenase [EC:1.5.8.4] K21833 N,N-dimethylglycine/sarcosine dehydrogenase [EC:1.5.7.3] K21834 N,N-dimethylglycine/sarcosine dehydrogenase ferredoxin subunit K25960 N,N-dimethylglycine/sarcosine catabolism electron transfer flavoprotein subunit alpha K25961 N,N-dimethylglycine/sarcosine catabolism electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta K00301 sarcosine oxidase [EC:1.5.3.1] K00302 sarcosine oxidase, subunit alpha [EC:1.5.3.24 1.5.3.1] K00303 sarcosine oxidase, subunit beta [EC:1.5.3.24 1.5.3.1] K00305 sarcosine oxidase, subunit gamma [EC:1.5.3.24 1.5.3.1] K00304 sarcosine oxidase, subunit delta [EC:1.5.3.24 1.5.3.1] K00306 sarcosine oxidase / L-pipecolate oxidase [EC:1.5.3.1 1.5.3.7] K00314 sarcosine dehydrogenase [EC:1.5.8.3] K00552 glycine N-methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.20] K18896 glycine/sarcosine N-methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.156] K18897 sarcosine/dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.157] K24071 glycine/sarcosine/dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.156 2.1.1.157] K13042 dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase [EC:2.1.1.161] K01697 cystathionine beta-synthase [EC:4.2.1.22] K10150 cysteine synthase / O-phosphoserine sulfhydrylase / cystathionine beta-synthase [EC:2.5.1.47 2.5.1.65 4.2.1.22] K01758 cystathionine gamma-lyase [EC:4.4.1.1] K17217 cystathionine gamma-lyase / homocysteine desulfhydrase [EC:4.4.1.1 4.4.1.2] K01752 L-serine dehydratase [EC:4.3.1.17] K01754 threonine dehydratase [EC:4.3.1.19] K17989 L-serine/L-threonine ammonia-lyase [EC:4.3.1.17 4.3.1.19] K20498 D-serine ammonia-lyase [EC:4.3.1.18] K01753 D-serine dehydratase [EC:4.3.1.18] K12235 serine racemase [EC:5.1.1.18] K25316 amino-acid racemase [EC:5.1.1.10] K25317 amino-acid racemase [EC:5.1.1.10] K01694 tryptophan synthase [EC:4.2.1.20] K01695 tryptophan synthase alpha chain [EC:4.2.1.20] K01696 tryptophan synthase beta chain [EC:4.2.1.20] K06001 tryptophan synthase beta chain [EC:4.2.1.20] K00836 diaminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate transaminase [EC:2.6.1.76] K06718 L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid acetyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.178] K06720 L-ectoine synthase [EC:4.2.1.108] K10674 ectoine hydroxylase [EC:1.14.11.55] K13745 L-2,4-diaminobutyrate decarboxylase [EC:4.1.1.86] K15783 ectoine hydrolase [EC:3.5.4.44] K15784 N2-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutanoate deacetylase [EC:3.5.1.125] K15785 L-2,4-diaminobutyrate transaminase [EC:2.6.1.76] K15786 aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [EC:1.2.1.-] COMPOUND C00011 CO2 C00014 Ammonia C00022 Pyruvate C00037 Glycine C00048 Glyoxylate C00049 L-Aspartate C00065 L-Serine C00078 L-Tryptophan C00097 L-Cysteine C00101 Tetrahydrofolate C00109 2-Oxobutanoate C00114 Choline C00143 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate C00168 Hydroxypyruvate C00188 L-Threonine C00197 3-Phospho-D-glycerate C00213 Sarcosine C00258 D-Glycerate C00263 L-Homoserine C00300 Creatine C00430 5-Aminolevulinate C00441 L-Aspartate 4-semialdehyde C00546 Methylglyoxal C00576 Betaine aldehyde C00581 Guanidinoacetate C00631 2-Phospho-D-glycerate C00719 Betaine C00740 D-Serine C00986 1,3-Diaminopropane C01005 O-Phospho-L-serine C01026 N,N-Dimethylglycine C01102 O-Phospho-L-homoserine C01242 [Protein]-S8-aminomethyldihydrolipoyllysine C01888 Aminoacetone C02051 Lipoylprotein C02291 L-Cystathionine C02737 Phosphatidylserine C02972 Dihydrolipoylprotein C03082 4-Phospho-L-aspartate C03194 (R)-1-Aminopropan-2-ol C03232 3-Phosphonooxypyruvate C03283 L-2,4-Diaminobutanoate C03508 L-2-Amino-3-oxobutanoic acid C05519 L-Allothreonine C06231 Ectoine C06442 N(gamma)-Acetyldiaminobutyrate C16432 5-Hydroxyectoine C19929 N(alpha)-Acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutyrate REFERENCE AUTHORS Nishizuka Y, Seyama Y, Ikai A, Ishimura Y, Kawaguchi A (eds). TITLE [Cellular Functions and Metabolic Maps] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Tokyo Kagaku Dojin (1997) REFERENCE PMID:11823218 AUTHORS Kuhlmann AU, Bremer E. TITLE Osmotically regulated synthesis of the compatible solute ectoine in Bacillus pasteurii and related Bacillus spp. JOURNAL Appl Environ Microbiol 68:772-83 (2002) DOI:10.1128/AEM.68.2.772-783.2002 REFERENCE PMID:10473374 AUTHORS Canovas D, Borges N, Vargas C, Ventosa A, Nieto JJ, Santos H. TITLE Role of Ngamma-acetyldiaminobutyrate as an enzyme stabilizer and an intermediate in the biosynthesis of hydroxyectoine. JOURNAL Appl Environ Microbiol 65:3774-9 (1999) DOI:10.1128/AEM.65.9.3774-3779.1999 REFERENCE PMID:17636255 AUTHORS Bursy J, Pierik AJ, Pica N, Bremer E. TITLE Osmotically induced synthesis of the compatible solute hydroxyectoine is mediated by an evolutionarily conserved ectoine hydroxylase. JOURNAL J Biol Chem 282:31147-55 (2007) DOI:10.1074/jbc.M704023200 REFERENCE PMID:16707670 AUTHORS Garcia-Estepa R, Argandona M, Reina-Bueno M, Capote N, Iglesias-Guerra F, Nieto JJ, Vargas C. TITLE The ectD gene, which is involved in the synthesis of the compatible solute hydroxyectoine, is essential for thermoprotection of the halophilic bacterium Chromohalobacter salexigens. JOURNAL J Bacteriol 188:3774-84 (2006) DOI:10.1128/JB.00136-06 REFERENCE PMID:15470257 AUTHORS Arevalo-Rodriguez M, Pan X, Boeke JD, Heitman J TITLE FKBP12 controls aspartate pathway flux in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to prevent toxic intermediate accumulation. JOURNAL Eukaryot Cell 3:1287-96 (2004) DOI:10.1128/EC.3.5.1287-1296.2004 REFERENCE PMID:7639721 AUTHORS Rees WD, Hay SM TITLE The biosynthesis of threonine by mammalian cells: expression of a complete bacterial biosynthetic pathway in an animal cell. JOURNAL Biochem J 309 ( Pt 3):999-1007 (1995) DOI:10.1042/bj3090999 REFERENCE PMID:11341914 AUTHORS Jacques SL, Nieman C, Bareich D, Broadhead G, Kinach R, Honek JF, Wright GD TITLE Characterization of yeast homoserine dehydrogenase, an antifungal target: the invariant histidine 309 is important for enzyme integrity. JOURNAL Biochim Biophys Acta 1544:28-41 (2001) DOI:10.1016/S0167-4838(00)00203-X REFERENCE PMID:15520012 AUTHORS Chen X, Jhee KH, Kruger WD TITLE Production of the neuromodulator H2S by cystathionine beta-synthase via the condensation of cysteine and homocysteine. JOURNAL J Biol Chem 279:52082-6 (2004) DOI:10.1074/jbc.C400481200 REL_PATHWAY ko00010 Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis ko00020 Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) ko00230 Purine metabolism ko00250 Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism ko00270 Cysteine and methionine metabolism ko00290 Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis ko00300 Lysine biosynthesis ko00330 Arginine and proline metabolism ko00460 Cyanoamino acid metabolism ko00470 D-Amino acid metabolism ko00564 Glycerophospholipid metabolism ko00600 Sphingolipid metabolism ko00620 Pyruvate metabolism ko00630 Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism ko00640 Propanoate metabolism ko00680 Methane metabolism ko00860 Porphyrin metabolism ko00920 Sulfur metabolism ///