ENTRY ko00010 Pathway NAME Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis DESCRIPTION Glycolysis is the process of converting glucose into pyruvate and generating small amounts of ATP (energy) and NADH (reducing power). It is a central pathway that produces important precursor metabolites: six-carbon compounds of glucose-6P and fructose-6P and three-carbon compounds of glycerone-P, glyceraldehyde-3P, glycerate-3P, phosphoenolpyruvate, and pyruvate [MD:M00001]. Acetyl-CoA, another important precursor metabolite, is produced by oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate [MD:M00307]. When the enzyme genes of this pathway are examined in completely sequenced genomes, the reaction steps of three-carbon compounds from glycerone-P to pyruvate form a conserved core module [MD:M00002], which is found in almost all organisms and which sometimes contains operon structures in bacterial genomes. Gluconeogenesis is a synthesis pathway of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors. It is essentially a reversal of glycolysis with minor variations of alternative paths [MD:M00003]. CLASS Metabolism; Carbohydrate metabolism PATHWAY_MAP ko00010 Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis MODULE M00001 Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof pathway), glucose => pyruvate [PATH:ko00010] M00002 Glycolysis, core module involving three-carbon compounds [PATH:ko00010] M00003 Gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate => fructose-6P [PATH:ko00010] M00307 Pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate => acetyl-CoA [PATH:ko00010] DBLINKS GO: 0006096 0006094 ORTHOLOGY K00844 hexokinase [EC:2.7.1.1] K12407 glucokinase [EC:2.7.1.2] K00845 glucokinase [EC:2.7.1.2] K25026 glucokinase [EC:2.7.1.2] K01810 glucose-6-phosphate isomerase [EC:5.3.1.9] K06859 glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, archaeal [EC:5.3.1.9] K13810 transaldolase / glucose-6-phosphate isomerase [EC:2.2.1.2 5.3.1.9] K15916 glucose/mannose-6-phosphate isomerase [EC:5.3.1.9 5.3.1.8] K24182 6-phosphofructokinase [EC:2.7.1.11] K00850 6-phosphofructokinase 1 [EC:2.7.1.11] K16370 6-phosphofructokinase 2 [EC:2.7.1.11] K21071 ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase / diphosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase [EC:2.7.1.11 2.7.1.90] K00918 ADP-dependent phosphofructokinase/glucokinase [EC:2.7.1.146 2.7.1.147] K00895 diphosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase [EC:2.7.1.90] K03841 fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase I [EC:3.1.3.11] K02446 fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase II [EC:3.1.3.11] K11532 fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase II / sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase [EC:3.1.3.11 3.1.3.37] K01086 fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase I / sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase [EC:3.1.3.11 3.1.3.37] K04041 fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase III [EC:3.1.3.11] K01623 fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, class I [EC:4.1.2.13] K11645 fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, class I [EC:4.1.2.13] K01624 fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, class II [EC:4.1.2.13] K01622 fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase/phosphatase [EC:4.1.2.13 3.1.3.11] K16305 fructose-bisphosphate aldolase / 6-deoxy-5-ketofructose 1-phosphate synthase [EC:4.1.2.13 2.2.1.11] K16306 fructose-bisphosphate aldolase / 2-amino-3,7-dideoxy-D-threo-hept-6-ulosonate synthase [EC:4.1.2.13 2.2.1.10] K01803 triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) [EC:5.3.1.1] K00134 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating) [EC:1.2.1.12] K10705 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating), spermatogenic [EC:1.2.1.12] K00150 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) (phosphorylating) [EC:1.2.1.59] K00927 phosphoglycerate kinase [EC:2.7.2.3] K01834 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase [EC:5.4.2.11] K15634 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase [EC:5.4.2.11] K15633 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase [EC:5.4.2.12] K15635 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase [EC:5.4.2.12] K01689 enolase 1/2/3 [EC:4.2.1.11] K27394 enolase 4 [EC:4.2.1.11] K00873 pyruvate kinase [EC:2.7.1.40] K12406 pyruvate kinase isozymes R/L [EC:2.7.1.40] K01006 pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase [EC:2.7.9.1] K01007 pyruvate, water dikinase [EC:2.7.9.2] K00163 pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component [EC:1.2.4.1] K00161 pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha [EC:1.2.4.1] K00162 pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta [EC:1.2.4.1] K00627 pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 component (dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase) [EC:2.3.1.12] K00382 dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase [EC:1.8.1.4] K00169 pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase alpha subunit [EC:1.2.7.1] K00170 pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase beta subunit [EC:1.2.7.1] K00172 pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase gamma subunit [EC:1.2.7.1] K00189 2-oxoisovalerate/pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase gamma subunit [EC:1.2.7.7 1.2.7.1] K00171 pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase delta subunit [EC:1.2.7.1] K03737 pyruvate-ferredoxin/flavodoxin oxidoreductase [EC:1.2.7.1 1.2.7.-] K00174 2-oxoglutarate/2-oxoacid ferredoxin oxidoreductase subunit alpha [EC:1.2.7.3 1.2.7.11] K00175 2-oxoglutarate/2-oxoacid ferredoxin oxidoreductase subunit beta [EC:1.2.7.3 1.2.7.11] K00016 L-lactate dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.27] K01568 pyruvate decarboxylase [EC:4.1.1.1] K13951 alcohol dehydrogenase 1/7 [EC:1.1.1.1] K13980 alcohol dehydrogenase 4 [EC:1.1.1.1] K00121 S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione dehydrogenase / alcohol dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.284 1.1.1.1] K13952 alcohol dehydrogenase 6 [EC:1.1.1.1] K04072 acetaldehyde dehydrogenase / alcohol dehydrogenase [EC:1.2.1.10 1.1.1.1] K13953 alcohol dehydrogenase, propanol-preferring [EC:1.1.1.1] K13954 alcohol dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.1] K18857 alcohol dehydrogenase class-P [EC:1.1.1.1] K00001 alcohol dehydrogenase [EC:1.1.1.1] K00002 alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) [EC:1.1.1.2] K12957 alcohol/geraniol dehydrogenase (NADP+) [EC:1.1.1.2 1.1.1.183] K13979 alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) [EC:1.1.1.2] K14028 methanol dehydrogenase (cytochrome c) subunit 1 [EC:1.1.2.7] K14029 methanol dehydrogenase (cytochrome c) subunit 2 [EC:1.1.2.7] K00114 alcohol dehydrogenase (cytochrome c) [EC:1.1.2.8] K04022 alcohol dehydrogenase K22473 alcohol dehydrogenase (quinone), dehydrogenase subunit [EC:1.1.5.5] K22474 alcohol dehydrogenase (quinone), cytochrome c subunit [EC:1.1.5.5] K00128 aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) [EC:1.2.1.3] K14085 aldehyde dehydrogenase family 7 member A1 [EC:1.2.1.31 1.2.1.8 1.2.1.3] K00149 aldehyde dehydrogenase family 9 member A1 [EC:1.2.1.47 1.2.1.3] K00129 aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) [EC:1.2.1.5] K00138 aldehyde dehydrogenase [EC:1.2.1.-] K01895 acetyl-CoA synthetase [EC:6.2.1.1] K01913 acetate/butyrate---CoA ligase [EC:6.2.1.1 6.2.1.2] K01905 acetate---CoA ligase (ADP-forming) subunit alpha [EC:6.2.1.13] K22224 acetate---CoA ligase (ADP-forming) subunit beta [EC:6.2.1.13] K24012 acetate---CoA ligase (ADP-forming) [EC:6.2.1.13] K01785 aldose 1-epimerase [EC:5.1.3.3] K01085 glucose-1-phosphatase [EC:3.1.3.10] K20866 glucose-1-phosphatase [EC:3.1.3.10] K01835 phosphoglucomutase [EC:5.4.2.2] K15778 phosphomannomutase / phosphoglucomutase [EC:5.4.2.8 5.4.2.2] K15779 phosphoglucomutase / phosphopentomutase [EC:5.4.2.2 5.4.2.7] K01084 glucose-6-phosphatase [EC:3.1.3.9] K00886 polyphosphate glucokinase [EC:2.7.1.63] K08074 ADP-dependent glucokinase [EC:2.7.1.147] K01792 glucose-6-phosphate 1-epimerase [EC:5.1.3.15] K01837 bisphosphoglycerate/phosphoglycerate mutase [EC:5.4.2.4 5.4.2.11] K03103 multiple inositol-polyphosphate phosphatase / 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate 3-phosphatase [EC:3.1.3.62 3.1.3.80] K11389 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin) [EC:1.2.7.6] K00131 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+) [EC:1.2.1.9] K18978 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] [EC:1.2.1.90] K01596 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) [EC:4.1.1.32] K01610 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP) [EC:4.1.1.49] K01222 6-phospho-beta-glucosidase [EC:3.2.1.86] K01223 6-phospho-beta-glucosidase [EC:3.2.1.86] K02777 sugar PTS system EIIA component [EC:2.7.1.-] K02779 glucose PTS system EIICB or EIICBA component [EC:2.7.1.199] K02791 maltose/glucose PTS system EIICB component [EC:2.7.1.199 2.7.1.208] K20118 glucose PTS system EIICBA or EIICB component [EC:2.7.1.199] K02753 beta-glucoside (arbutin/salicin/cellobiose) PTS system EIICB component [EC:2.7.1.-] COMPOUND C00022 Pyruvate C00024 Acetyl-CoA C00031 D-Glucose C00033 Acetate C00036 Oxaloacetate C00068 Thiamin diphosphate C00074 Phosphoenolpyruvate C00084 Acetaldehyde C00085 D-Fructose 6-phosphate C00103 D-Glucose 1-phosphate C00111 Glycerone phosphate C00118 D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate C00186 (S)-Lactate C00197 3-Phospho-D-glycerate C00221 beta-D-Glucose C00236 3-Phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate C00267 alpha-D-Glucose C00354 D-Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate C00469 Ethanol C00631 2-Phospho-D-glycerate C00668 alpha-D-Glucose 6-phosphate C01159 2,3-Bisphospho-D-glycerate C01172 beta-D-Glucose 6-phosphate C01451 Salicin C05125 2-(alpha-Hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphate C06186 Arbutin C06187 Arbutin 6-phosphate C06188 Salicin 6-phosphate C15972 Enzyme N6-(lipoyl)lysine C15973 Enzyme N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine C16255 [Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase] S-acetyldihydrolipoyllysine REFERENCE AUTHORS Nishizuka Y (ed). TITLE [Metabolic Maps] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Tokyo Kagaku Dojin (1980) REFERENCE AUTHORS Nishizuka Y, Seyama Y, Ikai A, Ishimura Y, Kawaguchi A (eds). TITLE [Cellular Functions and Metabolic Maps] (In Japanese) JOURNAL Tokyo Kagaku Dojin (1997) REFERENCE AUTHORS Michal G. TITLE Biochemical Pathways JOURNAL Wiley (1999) REL_PATHWAY ko00020 Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) ko00030 Pentose phosphate pathway ko00500 Starch and sucrose metabolism ko00620 Pyruvate metabolism ko00640 Propanoate metabolism ko00710 Carbon fixation by Calvin cycle ///